. 2022 Jul 26;9:940216. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.940216

Table 2.

Effects of calcium propionate feeding levels on serum immune and liver function of dairy cows in early lactation.

Items ¹	Treatments ²				SEM ³	P-value ⁴
	CON	LCaP	MCaP	HCaP		Trt	L	Q	Time	Trt ×Time
TP, g/L	70.51	69.55	72.46	70.78	0.57	0.24	0.45	0.89	<0.001	0.55
ALB, g/L	37.10 ^ab	36.28 ^b	37.02 ^ab	38.66 ^a	0.36	0.03	0.07	0.03	0.001	0.15
IgA, g/L	0.76	0.66	0.69	0.76	0.02	0.08	0.96	0.01	0.06	0.08
IgG, g/L	10.11	10.84	10.42	10.98	0.18	0.33	0.18	0.79	0.16	0.72
IgM, g/L	2.54	2.47	2.42	2.51	0.05	0.80	0.66	0.39	0.03	0.01
ALT, U/L	41.15 ^b	41.51 ^b	41.52 ^b	45.61 ^a	0.53	0.003	0.005	0.04	0.14	0.22
AST, U/L	58.81 ^c	58.95 ^c	62.57 ^b	65.56 ^a	0.84	<0.001	<0.001	0.02	<0.001	0.84
ALP, U/L	45.46 ^a	43.58 ^ab	43.2 ^b	40.05 ^c	0.67	<0.001	<0.001	0.26	<0.001	<0.001
Ca, mmol/L	2.23	2.33	2.29	2.39	0.04	0.68	0.30	0.99	0.50	0.58

^{a, b, c} Means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05).

¹TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; Ca, calcium.

²CON, control group; LCaP, low calcium propionate group, basal diet + 200 g/d calcium propionate; MCaP, medium calcium propionate group, basal diet + 350 g/d calcium propionate; HCaP, high calcium propionate group, basal diet + 500 g/d calcium propionate.

³SEM, Standard error of the mean.

⁴ Trt, Contrast Among CON, LCaP, MCaP, and HCaP; L, Linear Effect of Calcium Propionate Addition; Q, Quadratic Effect of Calcium Propionate Addition; Time, Time Effect; Trt × Time, the Interaction Effect Between Treatment and Time.