Table 1.

Some of the most common organoids and their clinical applications

Organoid type	Preclinical application	Clinical application	Ref
Kidney	Glomerular related disease- chronic kidney disease- polycystic kidney disease- acute kidney injury	Biobanks for Wilms tumors- malignant rhabdoid tumors- renal cell carcinomas- congenital mesoblastic nephromas	[47, 49, 50]
Intestine	Necrotizing enterocolitis- Hirschsprung’s disease- diverticular disease- cystic fibrosis- Short bowel syndrome—Celiac disease-	Cystic fibrosis—celiac disease	[51–56]
Retina	Usher syndrome – retinitis pigmentosa—microphtalmia		[57–60]
Prostate	Prostate cancer	Biobanks for prostate cancer	[61–63]
Brain	Microcephaly- zika virus infection- autism. Schizophrenia—neurodegenerative diseases - Miller–Dieker syndrome - Timothy syndrome -	Biobanks for glioblastoma	[64–67]
Liver	Hepatocellular carcinoma and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – biliary atresia- inflammatory bowel disease- cystic fibrosis-alpha-1- anti-trypsin (A1AT) deficiency-Wilson’s disease-Alagille syndrome-viral hepatitis- malaria infection	Cholangiopathies	[16, 68–70]
Breast	Breast cancer		[71]
Organoid type	Preclinical application	Clinical application	Ref
Kidney	Glomerular related disease- chronic kidney disease- polycystic kidney disease- acute kidney injury	Biobanks for Wilms tumors- malignant rhabdoid tumors- renal cell carcinomas- congenital mesoblastic nephromas	[47, 49, 50, 71]
Intestine	Necrotizing enterocolitis- Hirschsprung’s disease- diverticular disease- cystic fibrosis- Short bowel syndrome—Celiac disease-	Cystic fibrosis—celiac disease	[51–56]
Retina	Usher syndrome – retinitis pigmentosa—microphtalmia		[57–60]
Prostate	Prostate cancer	Biobanks for prostate cancer	[61–63]
Brain	Microcephaly- zika virus infection- autism. Schizophrenia—neurodegenerative diseases - Miller–Dieker syndrome - Timothy syndrome -	Biobanks for glioblastoma	[64–67]
Liver	Hepatocellular carcinoma and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – biliary atresia- inflammatory bowel disease- cystic fibrosis-alpha-1- anti-trypsin (A1AT) deficiency-Wilson’s disease-Alagille syndrome-viral hepatitis- malaria infection	Cholangiopathies	[16, 68–70]
Breast	Breast cancer		[71]