Table 1. Baseline characteristics of hypertensive patients.
| Non-use (n = 7610) | ACEI/ARB (n = 2920) | P-value | |
| Data are presented as means ± SD or percent. Missing values: diabetes (n = 5), bronchitis (n = 16), asthma (n = 11), alcohol consumption (n = 1492), BMI (n = 1154), C-reactive protein (n = 1670), HDL-C (n = 1692), and eGFR (n = 1737). ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by CKD-EPI formula; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. | |||
| Age, yrs | 60.5 ± 12.5 | 52.7 ± 16.1 | 0.000 |
| Male, % | 44.4 | 44.5 | 0.938 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | 0.011 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 73.9 | 76.9 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 14.3 | 13.4 | |
| Hispanic-Mexican | 4.5 | 3.3 | |
| Other Ethnicity | 7.3 | 6.4 | |
| Smoking status, % | 0.000 | ||
| Never smoking | 47.8 | 49.6 | |
| Former smoker | 28.5 | 36.4 | |
| Current smoker | 23.7 | 14.0 | |
| Alcohol consumption, g/day | 5.3 ± 30.5 | 3.8 ± 9.0 | 0.016 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.7 ± 6.5 | 31.2 ± 6.7 | 0.000 |
| Modified lifestyle, % | 52.5 | 59.5 | 0.000 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 134.7 ± 19.2 | 136.5 ± 19.6 | 0.004 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 76.8 ± 12.7 | 73.1 ± 15.2 | 0.000 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.013 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.054 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m² | 81.3 ± 22.6 | 77.7 ± 20.6 | 0.000 |
| Asthma, % | 10.5 | 12.7 | 0.027 |
| Chronic bronchitis, % | 8.2 | 8.8 | 0.410 |
| Cardiovascular diseases, % | 9.8 | 19.8 | 0.000 |
| Diabetes, % | 10.9 | 24.6 | 0.000 |
| Cancer, % | 11.2 | 14.0 | 0.009 |
| Beta-blockers, % | 19.5 | 22.9 | 0.014 |
| Calcium-channel blockers, % | 15.1 | 25.9 | 0.000 |
| Diuretics, % | 22.6 | 43.9 | 0.000 |
| Other antihypertensive drugs, % | 6.5 | 6.6 | 0.927 |
| Bronchodilators, % | 3.1 | 5.7 | 0.000 |
| Inhaled glucocorticoids, % | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.000 |
| Immunosuppressive agents, % | 2.3 | 3.5 | 0.018 |