Table 1. Baseline Characteristics.
| Characteristic or risk factor | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| All participants (n = 90) | CON+ER group (n = 45) | eTRE+ER group (n = 45) | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 43 (11) | 43 (11) | 43 (10) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 72 (80) | 37 (82) | 35 (78) |
| Male | 18 (20) | 8 (18) | 10 (22) |
| Race | |||
| Asian | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Black | 30 (33) | 15 (33) | 15 (33) |
| White | 56 (62) | 28 (62) | 28 (62) |
| >1 Race | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Not Hispanic | 85 (94) | 41 (91) | 44 (98) |
| Unknown or not reported | 3 (3) | 3 (7) | 0 |
| Body composition | |||
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 165.5 (8.7) | 163.8 (7.2) | 167.3 (9.7) |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 108.8 (20.6) | 105.3 (20.7) | 112.3 (20.1) |
| Fat mass | 52.5 (14.4) | 50.6 (14.8) | 54.4 (13.9) |
| Fat-free mass | 56.3 (11.1) | 54.8 (10.7) | 57.8 (11.4) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 39.6 (6.7) | 39.2 (6.8) | 40.1 (6.6) |
| Cardiometabolic risk factors | |||
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | |||
| Systolic | 124 (13) | 122 (11) | 126 (14) |
| Diastolic | 81 (9) | 80 (8) | 82 (9) |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), beats/mina | 74 (10) | 74 (12) | 74 (8) |
| Glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 105 (16) | 103 (14) | 107 (17) |
| Insulin, mean (SD), µIU/mLa | 19.6 (14.1) | 17.2 (9.5) | 22.0 (17.2) |
| HOMA-IR, mean (SD) | 5.24 (4.40) | 4.44 (2.88) | 6.02 (5.41) |
| HOMA-β, mean (SD) | 181 (118) | 170 (97) | 192 (135) |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 5.5 (0.4) | 5.5 (0.4) | 5.5 (0.4) |
| Cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | |||
| Total | 203 (38) | 202 (36) | 204 (41) |
| LDL | 118 (28) | 117 (26) | 119 (29) |
| HDL | 62 (15) | 61 (16) | 62 (14) |
| Triglycerides, mean (SD), mg/dL | 117 (64) | 118 (62) | 117 (67) |
| Eating habits, mean (SD) | |||
| Eating duration, h/d | 12.6 (1.5) | 12.8 (1.6) | 12.4 (1.4) |
| Eating start time, h:m | 7:29 (1:05) | 7:27 (1:10) | 7:31 (1:00) |
| Eating end time, h:m | 20:06 (1:21) | 20:14 (1:35) | 19:57 (1:03) |
| Baecke Global Physical Activity Index | 8.3 (1.0) | 8.4 (1.0) | 8.1 (0.9) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; CON+ER, control eating schedule plus energy restriction; eTRE+ER, early time-restricted eating plus energy restriction; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-β, Homeostasis Model Assessment for β-cell Function, calculated as 360 × insulin/[glucose – 63], where the unit of measure for insulin is µIU/mL and the unit of measure for glucose is mg/dL; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, calculated as insulin × glucose/405, where the unit of measure for insulin is µIU/mL and the unit of measure for glucose is mg/dL; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
SI conversion factors: To convert cholesterol mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; glucose mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555; insulin µIU/mL to pmol/L, multiply by 6.945; triglycerides mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113.
One baseline value for heart rate in the eTRE+ER group and for insulin in the CON+ER group were excluded. See eMethods in Supplement 1.