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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 9.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2016 Jul 27;46(14):2919–2930. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716001525

Table 3.

Bivariate behavior genetic model estimates of the proportion of covariation for psychiatric diagnoses [major depressive disorder (MDD), alcohol use disorder (AUD)] and personality measures (behavioral control, stress reactivity) attributed to genetic and environmental factors, and genetic and environmental correlation estimates

Phenotype Proportion of covariation due to biometric factors
Behavioral control and diagnosis
 Stress reactivity and diagnosis
Additive genetic Unique environment Additive genetic Unique environment
Full sample
 DSM-5 AUD 0.96 (0.92–0.99 ) 0.04 (0.01 to 0.08) 0.56 (0.30–0.82) 0.44 (0.18–0.70)
 DSM-5 MDD 0.83 (0.73–0.93) 0.17 (0.07 to 0.27) 0.59 (0.45–0.73) 0.41 (0.27–0.55)
Men
 DSM-5 AUD 0.93 (0.84–1.00) 0.08 (−0.01 to 0.16) 0.63 (0.26–1.00) 0.37 (0.00–0.74)
 DSM-5 MDD 0.77 (0.61–0.93) 0.23 (0.07 to 0.39) 0.50 (0.26–0.75) 0.50 (0.26–0.74)
Women
 DSM-5 AUD 0.96 (0.93–1.00) 0.04 (−0.002 to 0.08) 0.49 (0.12–0.86) 0.51 (0.14–0.88)
 DSM-5 MDD 0.86 (0.73–0.99) 0.14 (0.01 to 0.27) 0.64 (0.47–0.82) 0.36 (0.18–0.53)
Biometric factor correlations
Behavioral control and diagnosis
 Stress reactivity and diagnosis
Phenotype r G r E r G r E
Full sample
 DSM-5 AUD 0.57 (0.44–0.69) −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.10) 0.26 (0.13–0.39) 0.18 (0.08–0.29)
 DSM-5 MDD 0.32 (0.17–0.47) −0.03 (−0.12 to 0.07) 0.56 (0.44–0.69) 0.27 (0.18–0.36)
Men
 DSM-5 AUD 0.48 (0.29–0.68) −0.01 (−0.18 to 0.15) 0.32 (0.12–0.52) 0.16 (0.00–0.32)
 DSM-5 MDD 0.48 (0.22–0.75) −0.04 (−0.18 to 0.10) 0.58 (0.32–0.83) 0.30 (0.16–0.45)
Women
 DSM-5 AUD 0.62 (0.44–0.79) 0.00 (−0.14 to 0.14) 0.21 (0.04–0.38) 0.20 (0.06–0.34)
 DSM-5 MDD 0.24 (0.05–0.43) −0.02 (−0.15 to 0.10) 0.57 (0.43–0.71) 0.24 (0.13–0.35)

AUD, Alcohol use disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder.

Values in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals. Some confidence intervals exceeded possible values and were bounded at 1.00.

Not shown are model estimates for the proportion of covariation between AUD-MDD [A = 0.63 (0.41–0.85), E = 0.37 (0.15–0.59)], and the biometrical factor correlations among AUD and MDD [full sample: rG = 0.44 (0.28–0.60), rE = 0.22 (0.09–0.36); men: rG = 0.40 (0.11–0.68), rE = 0.31 (0.11–0.50); and women: rG = 0.47 (0.28–0.66), rE = 0.15 (−0.03 to 0.34)].