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Scheme of the highly interconnected multiple ascending arousal systems, which are all targets of caffeine (see text). BF: area of origin of the corticopetal basal forebrain system; LC: locus coeruleus; LDT and PPT: laterodorsal and pedunculopontine nuclei; TM: tuberomammillary nucleus; Orx: area of origin of the orexinergic system; Thal: thalamus.
