Table 6.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis between serum vitamin D levels and oral health
| Oral health outcomes | Yes/no N |
Serum 25(OH) vit. D as exposure |
Model 1a adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Model 2b djusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cariesc | 30/123 | ≥ 50 nmol/L | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| 31/34 | < 50 nmol/ L | 2.88 (1.44–5.78) | 2.89 (1.43–5.86) | |
| Hypoplasiad | 6/151 | ≥ 50 nmol/L | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| 4/62 | < 50 nmol/L | 2.01 (0.48–8.46) | 2.04 (0.49–8.52) | |
| Opacityd | 63/94 | ≥ 50 nmol/L | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| 28/38 | < 50 nmol/L | 1.03 (0.49–1.75) | 0.93 (0.49–1.76) | |
| Post-eruptive breakdownd | 8/149 | ≥ 50 nmol/L | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| 2/64 | < 50 nmol/L | 0.50 (0.91–2.79) | 0.47 (0.08–2.66) | |
| Dental erosione | 65/48 | ≥ 50 nmol/L | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| 32/26 | < 50 nmol/L | 1.13 (0.54–2.34) | 1.13 (0.54–2.34) | |
| GBI, middle/highf | 21/79 | ≥ 50 nmol/L | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| 23/35 | < 50 nmol/L | 2.32 (1.09–4.93) | 2.36 (1.10–5.01) | |
| DI-S, middle/highg | 38/49 | ≥ 50 nmol/L | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| 16/38 | < 50 nmol/L | 0.72 (0.33–1.61) | 0.72 (0.32–1.60) | |
| OHI-S, middle/highh | 39/48 | ≥ 50 nmol/L | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| 18/36 | < 50 nmol/L | 0.82 (0.37–1.82) | 0.81 (0.36–1.79) |
In the column Yes/No, N shows the number of participants with (Yes) and without (No) the JIA-related outcome within each of the two vitamin D exposure groups ≥ 50 nmol/L and < 50 nmol/L
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; vit. D, vitamin D; iso-BMI, Body Mass Index adjusted for age and sex; DMARDs, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; GBI, Gingival Bleeding Index; DI-S, simplified Debris Index; OHI-S, = simplified Oral Hygiene Index
aModel 1: Adjusted for age, sex, geographical region, iso-BMI, and season for blood sampling (summer, fall, winter, spring)
bModel 2: Model 1, and adjusted for DMARDs ever/never used
cCaries included dentin caries (grades 3–5) and filled teeth. Dichotomized into no caries (no) and caries (yes) (5 did not have caries registration)
dEnamel defects: Hypoplasia, Opacity and Post-eruptive breakdown (Brook et al. 2001, Elcock et al. 2006), categorized into not present(no), and present (yes). Children 4–16 years included
eDental erosion (Hasselkvist et al. 2010, Johansson et al. 1996) categorized into not present (no), and present (yes). Children aged 4–5 and 10–16 years included (2 did not have the examination)
fModified GBI (Ainamo & Bay, 1975), dichotomized into two levels of bleeding: Low = the lowest third (no), and Middle/High = a combination of the middle and highest third of scores (yes). Children aged 10–16 years included (3 missing)
gDI-S (Greene & Vermillion, 1964), dichotomized into two levels: Low = the lowest third (no), and Middle/High = a combination of the middle and highest third of scores (yes). Children aged 10–16 years included (20 missing due to fixed orthodontic appliances)
hModified OHI-S (Greene & Vermillion, 1964), dichotomized into two levels: low = the lowest third (no), and middle/high = a combination of the middle and highest third of scores (yes). Children aged 10–16 years included (20 missing due to fixed orthodontic appliances)