Table 1.
Sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of participants and the association with self-reported diagnoses of depression. N = 441.
| N | Total | Depression |
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 345) | Yes (n = 96) | ||||
| Age, years (mean [95%CI]) | 441 | 37.7 (36.5, 39.0) | 37.8 (36.4, 39.2) | 37.4 (34.3, 40.4) | 0.797a |
| Gender (% [95%CI]) | 0.292b | ||||
| Male | 101 | 23.8 (19.9, 28.2) | 88.8 (80.8, 93.7) | 11.2 (6.3, 19.2) | |
| Female | 340 | 75.9 (71.5, 79.8) | 82.4 (77.7, 86.2) | 17.6 (13.8, 22.3) | |
| Ethnicity (% [95%CI]) | 0.056b | ||||
| White | 400 | 91.2 (88.3, 93.5) | 77.5 (73.1, 81.2) | 22.5 (18.8, 26.8) | |
| Black | 21 | 4.6 (3.0, 6.9) | 83.3 (58.2, 94.7) | 16.7 (5.3, 41.8) | |
| Mixed | 19 | 3.9 (2.5, 6.2) | 95.2 (71.7, 99.4) | 4.8 (0.1, 28.2) | |
| Other | 1 | 0.2 (0.0, 1.5) | – | – | |
| Conjugal status (% [95%CI]) | 0.236b | ||||
| With partner | 274 | 62.5 (57.7, 67.1) | 85.6 (80.7, 89.4) | 14.4 (10.6, 19.3) | |
| Living alone | 167 | 37.5 (32.9, 42.3) | 81.2 (74.2, 86.6) | 18.8 (13.4, 25.8) | |
| Educational achievement (% [95%CI]) | 0.722b | ||||
| High school or below | 119 | 27.0 (22.9, 31.5) | 82.9 (74.6, 88.8) | 17.1 (11.5, 25.3) | |
| University degree or above | 322 | 73.0 (68.5, 77.1) | 84.3 (79.7, 88.0) | 15.7 (12.0, 20.3) | |
| Body mass index (% [95%CI]) | 0.344c | ||||
| Normal | 209 | 47.6 (42.7, 52.4) | 85.6 (79.9, 89.1) | 14.4 (10.1, 20.0) | |
| Overweight | 151 | 34.4 (29.9, 39.1) | 84.4 (77.4, 89.5) | 15.6 (10.5, 22.6) | |
| Obese | 80 | 18.1 (14.6, 22.1) | 78.4 (67.5, 86.4) | 21.6 (13.6, 32.6) | |
| Chronic diseases (% [95%CI]) | 0.195b | ||||
| No | 237 | 54.3 (49.4, 59.0) | 86.1 (80.8, 90.1) | 13.9 (9.9, 19.1) | |
| Yes | 204 | 45.7 (41.0, 50.6) | 81.4 (75.1, 86.3) | 18.6 (13.7, 24.9) | |
| Daily routine during social distancing (% [95%CI]) | 0.034b | ||||
| Stayed at home all the time or leaving home only to essential activities | 240 | 54.7 (49.9, 59.5) | 80.4 (74.7, 85.1) | 19.5 (14.9, 25.3) | |
| Leaving home every day to non-essential activities | 201 | 45.3 (40.5, 50.1) | 88.2 (82.7, 92.1) | 11.8 (7.9, 17.3) | |
| Monthly income reduced since COVID-19 (% [95%CI]) | 0.267b | ||||
| No | 246 | 56.2 (51.3, 60.9) | 85.7 (80.6, 89.7) | 14.3 (10.3, 19.4) | |
| Yes | 195 | 43.8 (39.1, 48.7) | 81.7 (75.3, 86.7) | 18.3 (13.3, 24.7) | |
| Physical activityd(% [95%CI]) | 0.010c | ||||
| Categories | |||||
| None | 220 | 48.0 (43.5, 52.6) | 72.7 (66.4, 78.2) | 27.3 (21.8, 33.6) | |
| Insufficiently active | 106 | 26.9 (23.0, 31.1) | 82.1 (74.3, 88.0) | 17.9 (12.0, 25.7) | |
| Active | 115 | 25.0 (21.3, 29.3) | 86.1 (78.4, 91.3) | 13.9 (8.7, 21.6) | |
| Place | 0.056b | ||||
| None | 215 | 47.6 (43.0, 52.2) | 73.4 (67.1, 78.9) | 26.6 (21.1, 32.9) | |
| At home | 85 | 19.9 (16.5, 23.8) | 80.2 (70.7, 87.2) | 19.8 (12.8, 29.3) | |
| Out of home | 17 | 4.1 (2.7, 6.4) | 84.2 (60.0, 95.0) | 15.8 (5.0, 40.0) | |
| Both | 124 | 28.4 (24.4, 32.7) | 85.4 (78.2, 90.5) | 14.6 (9.5, 21.8) | |
| Type | 0.116b | ||||
| None | 215 | 47.6 (43.0, 52.2) | 73.4 (67.1, 78.9) | 26.6 (21.1, 32.9) | |
| Endurance | 103 | 25.1 (21.3, 29.3) | 83.5 (75.5, 89.2) | 16.5 (10.8, 24.5) | |
| Strength | 38 | 8.3 (6.1, 11.2) | 78.9 (62.9, 89.2) | 21.1 (10.8, 37.1) | |
| Endurance + strength | 64 | 14.0 (11.1, 17.5) | 85.9 (75.0, 92.6) | 14.1 (7.4, 25.0) | |
| Mind/body | 21 | 5.0 (3.4, 7.5) | 82.6 (61.1, 93.5) | 17.4 (6.5, 38.9) | |
| Change in physical activity | 0.046b | ||||
| Remained inactiv | 181 | 41.0 (36.5, 45.7) | 72.4 (65.4, 78.4) | 27.6 (21.6, 34.6) | |
| Became inactive | 145 | 32.9 (28.6, 37.4) | 79.3 (71.9, 85.2) | 20.7 (14.8, 28.1) | |
| Became active | 33 | 7.5 (5.4, 10.4) | 87.9 (71.4, 95.5) | 12.1 (4.5, 28.6) | |
| Remained active | 82 | 18.6 (15.2, 22.5) | 85.4 (75.9, 91.5) | 14.6 (8.5, 24.1) | |
a
t-test for independent sample [mean (95%CI)].
b
Chi-squared [% (95%CI)] to compare the difference in the proportion of participants among groups.
c
Linear trend test.
d
Inactive: 0 min per week of physical activity; Insufficient active: 1–149 min per week of physical activity; active: ≥150 min per week of physical activity.