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. 2022 Aug 8;22:331. doi: 10.1186/s12903-022-02266-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The average color changes (expressed as △E values) at each experimental time point (HAP 1: the first circle of nano-HAP application; HAP 2: the second circle of nano-HAP application; HAP 3: the third circle of nano-HAP application; HSF: application of hydrodynamic shear force). Lowercase letters indicate the differences between different groups at the same experiment time point. Capital letters indicate the differences of the same group between different experiment time points. Different superscripts indicate groups that statistically differed from any other group (P < 0.05). Same superscripts suggest that groups showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). From a (A) to c (C), the mean value is decreased. * indicates the significant differences between HAP 3 and HSF (P < 0.05)