TABLE 2. Estimated percentage* of persons who inject drugs who received negative HIV test results and engaged in behaviors† associated with HIV infection in the preceding 12 months, by selected characteristics — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 23 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, United States, 2018.
| Characteristic | % (95% CI) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Receptive syringe sharing† | Receptive injection equipment sharing† | Vaginal sex | Condomless vaginal sex† | Heterosexual anal sex | Condomless heterosexual anal sex† | Condomless heterosexual sex† or receptive syringe sharing | More than one opposite sex partner | |
|
Total
|
26 (25–28)
|
49 (47–51)
|
77 (75–79)
|
68 (66–70)
|
29 (27–31)
|
23 (22–25)
|
72 (70–74)
|
43 (41–46)
|
|
Sex
| ||||||||
| Male |
24 (22–26) |
48 (46–50) |
75 (72–77) |
64 (61–66) |
28 (26–30) |
21 (20–23) |
69 (67–72) |
41 (39–44) |
| Female |
31 (28–34) |
50 (47–54) |
81 (78–84) |
76 (73–79) |
32 (28–35) |
27 (24–31) |
78 (75–81) |
48 (44–51) |
|
Race/Ethnicity
§
| ||||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic |
16 (14–18) |
38 (35–41) |
75 (72–78) |
63 (60–66) |
23 (20–25) |
16 (14–18) |
66 (63–69) |
43 (40–46) |
| Hispanic¶ |
22 (19–25) |
46 (41–51) |
73 (68–77) |
63 (58–68) |
37 (33–42) |
30 (26–33) |
67 (62–72) |
41 (36–45) |
| White, non-Hispanic |
36 (34–39) |
59 (56–62) |
80 (78–83) |
73 (70–75) |
29 (26–32) |
24 (22–27) |
78 (76–81) |
45 (42–49) |
|
Age group, yrs
| ||||||||
| 18–29 |
41 (36–46) |
60 (55–65) |
89 (86–92) |
84 (81–88) |
36 (31–41) |
30 (26–35) |
87 (84–90) |
59 (53–64) |
| 30–39 |
33 (29–36) |
54 (50–57) |
86 (84–89) |
78 (75–81) |
34 (31–37) |
29 (26–32) |
83 (80–86) |
50 (47–54) |
| 40–49 |
23 (20–26) |
49 (45–54) |
77 (73–81) |
68 (64–72) |
32 (28–36) |
25 (22–29) |
72 (68–76) |
43 (39–47) |
| ≥50 |
18 (16–20) |
41 (38–44) |
66 (63–70) |
55 (52–58) |
22 (20–25) |
16 (14–18) |
60 (57–63) |
35 (32–37) |
|
Education
| ||||||||
| Less than high school diploma |
25 (22–28) |
48 (44–51) |
74 (70–77) |
64 (60–68) |
30 (27–34) |
23 (20–26) |
70 (66–73) |
40 (37–44) |
| High school diploma |
27 (25–30) |
49 (46–52) |
76 (73–79) |
67 (63–70) |
28 (25–31) |
23 (20–25) |
71 (68–74) |
44 (41–47) |
| More than high school diploma |
27 (24–29) |
50 (46–53) |
81 (78–84) |
72 (69–75) |
30 (27–33) |
24 (21–27) |
75 (71–78) |
46 (43–50) |
|
Currently insured
| ||||||||
| No |
32 (29–35) |
49 (46–53) |
79 (76–83) |
72 (68–75) |
30 (27–33) |
26 (22–29) |
76 (73–80) |
50 (46–54) |
| Yes |
25 (23–27) |
49 (46–51) |
76 (74–78) |
67 (64–69) |
29 (27–31) |
23 (21–24) |
71 (69–73) |
42 (40–45) |
|
Federal poverty level**
| ||||||||
| Above federal poverty level |
26 (23–29) |
49 (45–53) |
83 (80–86) |
74 (70–78) |
28 (24–32) |
22 (19–25) |
77 (74–81) |
45 (41–49) |
| At or below federal poverty level |
26 (25–28) |
49 (47–51) |
75 (73–77) |
66 (63–68) |
30 (28–32) |
24 (22–26) |
70 (68–73) |
43 (41–45) |
|
Drug injected most frequently
| ||||||||
| Heroin only |
26 (24–28) |
49 (47–51) |
75 (72–77) |
66 (63–68) |
25 (23–27) |
19 (17–21) |
70 (67–73) |
38 (36–41) |
| Other/Multiple†† |
27 (25–29) |
50 (47–53) |
79 (77–82) |
70 (67–73) |
34 (32–37) |
28 (25–31) |
74 (72–77) |
50 (47–53) |
|
U.S. Census region§§
| ||||||||
| Northeast |
27 (24–30) |
50 (46–54) |
78 (75–82) |
70 (66–74) |
37 (33–41) |
29 (26–33) |
73 (69–77) |
45 (41–50) |
| South |
28 (25–30) |
50 (47–54) |
78 (76–81) |
69 (66–72) |
25 (22–28) |
19 (17–21) |
75 (72–78) |
43 (40–47) |
| Midwest |
21 (17–25) |
36 (32–41) |
74 (69–78) |
60 (56–65) |
19 (15–22) |
14 (11–17) |
64 (59–69) |
35 (30–39) |
| West | 25 (22–28) | 49 (45–53) | 74 (70–78) | 65 (61–69) | 26 (23–29) | 21 (18–24) | 69 (65–74) | 44 (40–48) |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; MSA = metropolitan statistical area.
*Aggregate estimates are weighted averages of MSA level percentages. MSA-level percentages were adjusted for differences in recruitment and the size of participant peer networks of persons who inject drugs, then proportionally weighted by the size of the population of persons who inject drugs in each MSA. The average number of MSA-level estimates included in the aggregated estimates for each variable is 22.8.
† Receptive syringe sharing was defined as using needles that someone else had already used to inject with, and receptive injection equipment sharing was defined as using equipment such as cookers, cottons, or water used to rinse needles or prepare drugs that someone else had already used. Condomless vaginal or anal sex was defined as sex without a condom.
§ Aggregate estimates for “Other” race and ethnicity (American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and person of multiple races) are excluded because of insufficient data.
¶ Hispanic persons might be of any race or combination of races.
** Poverty level is based on household income and household size.
†† Other drugs injected alone or two or more drugs injected with the same frequency.
§§ Northeast: Boston, Massachusetts; Nassau-Suffolk, New York; New York City, New York; Newark, New Jersey; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. South: Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Houston, Texas; Memphis, Tennessee; Miami, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; Virginia Beach, Virginia; and Washington, District of Columbia. Midwest: Chicago, Illinois and Detroit, Michigan. West: Denver, Colorado; Los Angeles, California; Portland, Oregon; San Diego, California; San Francisco, California; and Seattle, Washington. San Juan, Puerto Rico was not included in any of the Census regions.