TABLE 3. Estimated percentage* of persons who inject drugs who received negative HIV test results and participation in testing or prevention services, by selected characteristics — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 23 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, United States, 2018.
| Characteristic | Participation, % (95% CI) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tested for HIV infection in past 12 months | Participated in HIV behavioral intervention in past 12 months† | Ever tested for hepatitis C | Self-reported positive for hepatitis C | Received sterile syringes from SSP in past 12 months§ | Received sterile syringes from pharmacy in past 12 months§ | Used medication to treat opioid use disorder in past 12 months¶ | |
|
Total
|
57 (55–59)
|
33 (31–35)
|
83 (82–85)
|
46 (44–49)
|
55 (53–57)
|
36 (34–38)
|
56 (54–58)
|
|
Gender
| |||||||
| Male |
56 (54–58) |
32 (30–35) |
82 (80–84) |
47 (44–49) |
53 (50–55) |
35 (32–37) |
56 (53–58) |
| Female |
59 (56–62) |
33 (29–36) |
86 (84–88) |
46 (43–50) |
61 (58–64) |
38 (34–41) |
58 (54–61) |
|
Race/Ethnicity**
| |||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic |
59 (55–62) |
34 (31–37) |
80 (78–82) |
39 (36–42) |
40 (37–42) |
20 (17–23) |
47 (44–50) |
| Hispanic†† |
62 (58–66) |
37 (33–42) |
85 (82–87) |
51 (47–55) |
63 (58–68) |
33 (29–38) |
65 (61–69) |
| White, non-Hispanic |
53 (50–56) |
29 (27–32) |
86 (84–89) |
51 (48–54) |
63 (60–65) |
46 (43–49) |
58 (55–61) |
|
Age group, yrs
| |||||||
| 18–29 |
59 (54–65) |
28 (23–33) |
74 (69–79) |
29 (24–34) |
60 (56–65) |
52 (47–56) |
52 (47–57) |
| 30–39 |
60 (56–63) |
31 (28–34) |
86 (85–88) |
43 (40–46) |
61 (58–65) |
43 (39–46) |
61 (57–64) |
| 40–49 |
60 (57–64) |
39 (34–43) |
86 (83–88) |
49 (45–54) |
63 (58–67) |
35 (31–39) |
60 (56–64) |
| ≥50 |
52 (49–55) |
31 (28–34) |
84 (82–87) |
54 (50–57) |
46 (43–49) |
25 (22–27) |
52 (49–55) |
|
Education
| |||||||
| Less than high school diploma |
59 (55–62) |
33 (29–37) |
84 (81–86) |
51 (47–55) |
54 (50–58) |
27 (24–30) |
59 (55–62) |
| High school diploma |
57 (54–60) |
31 (28–34) |
82 (79–84) |
45 (41–48) |
55 (52–57) |
37 (34–40) |
54 (51–57) |
| More than high school diploma |
55 (52–59) |
34 (31–37) |
86 (84–88) |
45 (41–48) |
56 (52–59) |
42 (38–45) |
56 (53–59) |
|
Health insurance
| |||||||
| No |
47 (43–51) |
22 (19–25) |
71 (68–75) |
30 (26–33) |
40 (37–43) |
36 (32–40) |
35 (31–38) |
| Yes |
59 (57–61) |
35 (33–37) |
86 (84–88) |
50 (48–53) |
58 (56–60) |
36 (33–38) |
61 (59–64) |
|
Federal poverty level§§
| |||||||
| Above federal poverty level |
52 (48–56) |
30 (27–34) |
82 (79–86) |
43 (39–47) |
53 (49–56) |
48 (43–52) |
53 (49–57) |
| At or below federal poverty level |
58 (56–61) |
34 (31–36) |
84 (82–85) |
48 (45–50) |
55 (53–57) |
32 (30–34) |
57 (55–59) |
|
Drug injected most frequently
| |||||||
| Heroin only |
55 (52–57) |
31 (29–34) |
85 (83–86) |
47 (44–50) |
57 (55–59) |
37 (35–40) |
62 (59–64) |
| Other/Multiple¶¶ |
61 (58–63) |
34 (31–37) |
82 (80–85) |
47 (44–50) |
52 (49–55) |
33 (31–36) |
51 (48–53) |
|
U.S. Census region***
| |||||||
| Northeast |
65 (62–69) |
43 (39–47) |
88 (85–91) |
57 (53–62) |
64 (60–68) |
37 (33–41) |
69 (65–73) |
| South |
57 (54–61) |
29 (26–32) |
80 (77–82) |
39 (36–42) |
37 (34–39) |
28 (25–31) |
46 (43–49) |
| Midwest |
50 (46–55) |
28 (24–32) |
81 (77–85) |
36 (31–41) |
43 (38–48) |
38 (33–42) |
58 (53–62) |
| West | 48 (44–51) | 23 (20–26) | 84 (80–87) | 44 (40–48) | 67 (63–71) | 42 (38–46) | 51 (47–55) |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; MSA = metropolitan statistical area; SSP = syringe services program.
* Aggregate estimates are weighted averages of MSA-level percentages. MSA-level percentages were adjusted for differences in recruitment and the size of participant peer networks of persons who inject drugs, then proportionally weighted by the size of the population of persons who inject drugs in each MSA. The average number of MSA-level estimates included in the aggregated estimates for each variable is 22.9.
† Participating in an individual or group HIV behavioral intervention (e.g., a one-on-one conversation with a counselor or an organized discussion regarding HIV prevention) did not include counseling received as part of an HIV test or conversations with friends.
§ Receiving a syringe from an SSP was defined as reporting receiving a sterile syringe or needles at least once from an SSP or syringe/needle exchange program. Receiving a syringe from a pharmacy was defined as reporting receiving a sterile syringe or needles at least once from a pharmacy.
¶ Includes treatment with methadone, buprenorphine, Suboxone or Subutex in the past 12 months.
** Aggregate estimates for “Other” race and ethnicity (American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and person of multiple races) are excluded because of insufficient data.
†† Hispanic persons might be of any race or combination of races.
§§ Poverty level is based on household income and household size.
¶¶ Other drugs injected alone or two or more drugs injected with the same frequency.
*** Northeast: Boston, Massachusetts; Nassau-Suffolk, New York; New York City, New York; Newark, New Jersey; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. South: Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Houston, Texas; Memphis, Tennessee; Miami, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; Virginia Beach, Virginia; and Washington, District of Columbia. Midwest: Chicago, Illinois and Detroit, Michigan. West: Denver, Colorado; Los Angeles, California; Portland, Oregon; San Diego, California; San Francisco, California; and Seattle, Washington. San Juan, Puerto Rico was not included in any of the Census regions.