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. 2022 Jul 26;13:900600. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.900600

Table 7.

Hierarchical multiple regression analysis results (Time 2: beginning of 1st grade).

Time 1 R2 change (prob.)
Early literacy skills Expressive language Receptive language Morphological awareness Phonological awareness
Reading words 0.031 (0.05) 0.003 (0.52) 0.003 (0.53) 0.017 (0.14) 0.001 (0.74)
Pseudowords 0.038 (0.02) 0.002 (0.59) 0.005 (0.45) 0.005 (0.44) 0.020 (0.13)
Fluency 0.003 (0.53) 0.000 (0.96) 0.025 (0.09) 0.003 (0.55) 0.037 (0.03)
Comprehension 0.013 (0.19) 0.009 (0.28) 0.063 (0.00) 0.000 (0.96) 0.006 (0.35)
Spelling 0.004 (0.48) 0.007 (0.37) 0.017 (0.14) 0.004 (0.49) 0.068 (0.00)

Values in bold letters show significant correlations.