Table 1.

Main characteristics of CAPA, CAM and CAC

	CAPA	CAM	CAC
Prevalence	Prevalence about 10% among invasively ventilated patients with COVID-194	Prevalence of 0.27% among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in India15; limited evidence from Europe suggests prevalence about 1–2% among invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 (ref. 14)	Unknown; outbreaks reported from 12 countries in the Americas, Europe and Middle East18,52
Infectious agents (!, of particular concern)	A. fumigatus predominant4! Azole-resistant A. fumigatus	Rhizopus spp. predominant14,16	C. albicans predominant53! C. auris
Sites of infection	Lungs21	ROM, ROCM14,16 Pulmonary14 Gastrointestinal14 Disseminated14	Bloodstream52 Abdomen
Therapy	Voriconazole or isavuconazole as first-line treatment for possible, probable and proven CAPA21 Liposomal amphotericin B, posaconazole or echinocandins as second line21	Surgical debridement14 Liposomal amphotericin B14 If renal compromise, intravenous isavuconazole or intravenous posaconazole48	Caspofungin or micafungin as first line52,53 Liposomal amphotericin B as second line53
Challenges	Reluctance to perform aerosol-generating procedures, such as autopsies and bronchoscopies Azole-resistant aspergillosis awareness (not tested if not suspected)	Diagnostics in ICU setting (BAL, gut biopsy)14 Reluctance to perform aerosol-generating procedures, such as autopsies and bronchoscopies, awareness (not tested if not suspected)	High rate of multidrug resistance for C. auris18 Misleading identifications, ability to form biofilms, reluctance to perform autopsies