Table 2.
Selected descriptive results of the studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis of disordered eating among university students
| S.No. | Study label | Citation | Country | Study characteristics | Sample characteristics | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abdul Manaf (2016) | [77] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 206. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 19.5 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 2 | Abo Ali (2020) | [78] | Egypt | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 615. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 67.2%, Age = 21 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 3 | Akdevelioglu (2010) | [79] | Turkey | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 577. ED Measure: EAT-40 | %Female = 70%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 21.2 kg/m2 | 5 |
| 4 | Al Banna (2021) | [80] | Bangladesh | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 365. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 49.6%, Age = 21.1 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 5 | Albrahim (2019) | [81] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 396. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 20.1 years, BMI = 23.2 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 6 | Alcaraz-Ibáñez (2019) | [82] | Spain | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 545. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 46%, Age = 21.4 years, BMI = 23 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 7 | Alhazmi (2019) | [83] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 342. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 50%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 8 | Alkazemi (2018) | [84] | Kuwait | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1147. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 20.5 years, BMI = 23.9 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 9 | AlShebali (2020) | [85] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 503. ED Measure: EDE-Q | %Female = 100%, Age = 19.8 years, BMI = 23.4 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 10 | Alwosaifer (2016) | [86] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 656. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 18.7 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 11 | Azzouzi (2019) | [87] | Morocco | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 710. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 65.1%, Age = 21.3 years, BMI = 22.9 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 12 | Badrasawi (2019) | [88] | Palestine | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 154. ED Measure: BEDS-7 | %Female = 100%, Age = 19.6 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 13 | Barayan (2018) | [89] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 319. ED Measure: EDE-Q | %Female = 100%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 5 |
| 14 | Barry (2021) | [90] | United States | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 804. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 50.4%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 15 | Benítez (2019) | [91] | Spain | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 600. ED Measure: EDI | %Female = 59.5%, Age = 20.8 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 16 | Bizri (2020) | [92] | Lebanon | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 131. ED Measures: EAT-26; SCOFF | %Female = 53.4%, Age = 23 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 17 | Bo (2014) | [93] | Italy | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 440. ED Measures: EAT-26; SCOFF | %Female = 54%, Age = 19.8 years, BMI = 16.9 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 18 | Bosi (2016) | [94] | Brazil | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 202. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 21.8 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 19 | Brumboiu (2018) | [95] | Romania | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 222. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 82%, Age = 21.5 years, BMI = 21.3 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 20 | Carriedo (2020) | [96] | Mexico | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 911. ED Measure: EDE-Q | %Female = 65.4%, Age = 21 years, BMI = 22.6 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 21 | Castejón (2020) | [97] | Spain | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 604. ED Measure: EDI | %Female = 65.9%, Age = 22.5 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 22 | Chammas (2017) | [98] | Lebanon | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 457. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 37%, Age = 21.3 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 23 | Chan (2020) | [99] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1017. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 51%, Age = 20.7 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 24 | Chaudhari (2017) | [100] | India | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 193. ED Measure: EDE-Q | %Female = 60.6%, Age = 23.4 years, BMI = 24.5 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 25 | Christensen (2021) | [101] | United States | Cohort design. Sample Size N = 579. ED Measure: EDDS | %Female = 76.3%, Age = 21.8 years, BMI = 25.1 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 26 | Compte (2015) | [102] | Argentina | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 472. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 0%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 24.8 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 27 | Damiri (2021) | [103] | Palestine | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1047. ED Measures: EAT-26; SCOFF | %Female = 61.3%, Age = 20.2 years, BMI = 23.3 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 28 | Din (2019) | [104] | Pakistan | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 672. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 56%, Age = 21.7 years, BMI = 22.1 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 29 | Ebrahim (2019) | [105] | Kuwait | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 400. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 0%, Age = 21.9 years, BMI = 25.8 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 30 | Erol (2019) | [106] | Turkey | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 298. ED Measure: EAT-40 | %Female = 70%, Age = 21.3 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 31 | Falvey (2021) | [107] | Multi | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 77,193. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 65.9%, Age = 23.1 years, BMI = 24.4 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 32 | Farchakh (2019) | [30] | Lebanon | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 627. ED Measures: ORTO-15; EAT-26 | %Female = 50.4%, Age = 21.8 years, BMI = 23.4 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 33 | Fatima (2018) | [108] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 120. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 34 | Gramaglia (2019) | [109] | Multi | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 664. ED Measures: EAT-26; ORTO-15 | %Female = 70%, Age = 24 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 35 | Greenleaf (2009) | [110] | United States | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 204. ED Measure: QEDD | %Female = 100%, Age = 20.2 years, BMI = 23.1 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 36 | Havemann (2011) | [111] | South Africa | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 26. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 19 years, BMI = 23.2 kg/m2 | 4 |
| 37 | Herzog (1985) | [112] | United States | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 121. ED Measure: SD | %Female = 100%, Age = 25.1 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 5 |
| 38 | Iyer (2021) | [113] | India | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 332. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 56.3%, Age = 22.3 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 39 | Jamali (2020) | [114] | Pakistan | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 407. ED Measures: EAT-26; SCOFF | %Female = 36.9%, Age = 19.9 years, BMI = 20.8 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 40 | Jennings (2006) | [115] | Australia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 240. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 19.3 years, BMI = 21.2 kg/m2 | 4 |
| 41 | Joja (2012) | [116] | Germany | Case–control design. Sample Size N = 110. ED Measure: EDI | %Female = 100%, Age = 20.3 years, BMI = 21.5 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 42 | Kiss-Toth (2018) | [117] | Multi | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1965. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 70%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 43 | Ko (2015) | [118] | Vietnam | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 203. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 100%, Age = 18.8 years, BMI = 19 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 44 | Koushiou (2019) | [119] | Greece | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 334. ED Measure: WCS; EDDS | %Female = 90%, Age = 20.7 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 45 | Kutlu (2013) | [120] | Turkey | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 262. ED Measure: EAT-40 | %Female = 59.5%, Age = 21.7 years, BMI = 21.5 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 46 | Ladner (2019) | [121] | France | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 3076. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 69%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 47 | Le Grange (1998) | [122] | South Africa | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1402. ED Measure: EAT-40 | %Female = 75%, Age = 19.2 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 48 | Lee (2015) | [123] | Korea | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 199. ED Measure: DEBQ | %Female = 52.3%, Age = 29.2 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 49 | Liao (2013) | [124] | China | Cohort design (two data points). Sample Size N = 487. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 63%, Age = 20.5 years, BMI = 20.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 50 | Mancilla-Diaz (2007) | [125] | Mexico | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1402. ED Measure: EAT-40 | %Female = 100%, Age = 19.2 years, BMI = 22.4 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 51 | Marciano (1988) | [126] | Canada | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 994. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 84.5%, Age = 20.4 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 52 | Mazzaia (2018) | [127] | Brazil | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 120. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 84.2%, Age = 21.9 years, BMI = 23.3 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 53 | Mealha (2013) | [7] | Portugal | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 189. ED Measures: EAT-26; EDI | %Female = 100%, Age = 20.3 years, BMI = 21.2 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 54 | Momeni (2020) | [128] | Iran | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 385. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 47%, Age = 21.8 years, BMI = 22.4 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 55 | Ngan (2017) | [129] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 263. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 65%, Age = 22.8 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 5 |
| 56 | Nichols (2009) | [130] | West Indies | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 383. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 48%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 57 | Padmanabhan (2017) | [131] | United Arab Emirates | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 156. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 52.6%, Age = 23.3 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 5 |
| 58 | Parra-Fernández (2019) | [132] | Spain | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 492. ED Measure: EDI | %Female = 70%, Age = 20 years, BMI = 22.6 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 59 | Parreño-Madrigal (2020) | [133] | Spain | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 481. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 72.6%, Age = 20.1 years, BMI = 22.4 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 60 | Pereira (2011) | [134] | Brazil | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 214. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 21 years, BMI = 21.1 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 61 | Pitanupong (2017) | [135] | Thailand | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 885. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 56%, Age = 20.8 years, BMI = 21.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 62 | Plichta (2019) | [136] | Poland | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1120. ED Measure: ORTO-15 | %Female = 70.4%, Age = 21.4 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 63 | Polanco (2020) | [137] | Mexico | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 90. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 66.4%, Age = 20 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 64 | Radwan (2018) | [138] | United Arab Emirates | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 662. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 61.4%, Age = 20.4 years, BMI = 24.1 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 65 | Ramaiah (2015) | [139] | India | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 172. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 65%, Age = 21 years, BMI = 21.6 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 66 | Rasman (2018) | [140] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 279. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 75.3%, Age = 21.9 years, BMI = 22.5 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 67 | Rathner (1994) | [141] | Austria | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 379. ED Measures: EDI; ANIS | %Female = 40.9%, Age = 22 years, BMI = 21 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 68 | Reyes-Rodríguez (2011) | [142] | Puerto Rico | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 709. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 0%, Age = 18.3 years, BMI = 24.4 kg/m2 | 5 |
| 69 | Roshandel (2012) | [143] | Iran | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 400. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 22.1 years, BMI = 21.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 70 | Rostad (2021) | [144] | Norway | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1044. ED Measure: EDS | %Female = 70.9%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22.8 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 71 | Safer (2020) | [145] | Tunisia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 974. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 69.9%, Age = 22.8 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 72 | Saleh (2018) | [146] | Palestine | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 2001. ED Measures: EAT-26; SCOFF | %Female = 100%, Age = 19.5 years, BMI = 21.7 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 73 | Sepúlveda (2007) | [147] | Spain | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 2551. ED Measure: EDI | %Female = 67.9%, Age = 21 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 74 | Sharifian (2021) | [148] | Finland | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 3110. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 52.6%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 75 | Sharma (2019) | [149] | India | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 370. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 42.4%, Age = 20.3 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 76 | Shashank (2016) | [150] | India | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 134. ED Measures: EAT-26; SCOFF | %Female = 100%, Age = 21.4 years, BMI = 22.4 kg/m2 | 8 |
| 77 | Spillebout (2019) | [151] | France | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 731. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 69.9%, Age = 20 years, BMI = 22.1 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 78 | Taha (2018) | [152] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1200. ED Measure: EAT-26, SCOFF | %Female = 100%, Age = 21 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 79 | Tavolacci (2015) | [153] | France | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 3457. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 63.6%, Age = 20.5 years, BMI = 21.4 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 80 | Tavolacci (2018) | [154] | France | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1225. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 61%, Age = 21.6 years, BMI = 22 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 81 | Tavolacci (2020) | [155] | France | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1493. ED Measure: SCOFF | %Female = 63.4%, Age = 20.1 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 82 | Thangaraju (2020) | [156] | India | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 199. ED Measure: EDE-Q | %Female = 100%, Age = 20.4 years, BMI = 23.8 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 83 | Tury (2020) | [157] | Hungary | Cohort design (two data points). Sample Size N = 538. ED Measures: ANIS; EDI | %Female = 53.9%, Age = 21.4 years, BMI = 21.4 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 84 | Uriegas (2021) | [158] | United States | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 150. ED Measure: EDI | %Female = 56%, Age = 19.9 years, BMI = 25.2 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 85 | Uzun (2006) | [159] | Turkey | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 414. ED Measure: EAT-40 | %Female = 100%, Age = 19.9 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 86 | Weigel (2016) | [160] | Germany | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 304. ED Measure: EDI | %Female = 58.2%, Age = 22.6 years, BMI = 20.1 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 87 | Yoneda (2020) | [161] | Japan | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 469. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 100%, Age = 19.9 years, BMI = 20.7 kg/m2 | 7 |
| 88 | Yu (2015) | [162] | China | Cross-sectional design. Sample Size N = 1328. ED Measure: EAT-26 | %Female = 64.2%, Age = 21.2 years, BMI = 22.2 kg/m2 | 6 |
| 89 | Zhou (2020) | [163] | United States | RCT design. Sample Size N = 130. ED Measure: EDE-Q | %Female = 100%, Age = 20.8 years, BMI = 24.4 kg/m2 | 7 |
FEDS feeding and eating disorders. Quality score was computed based on Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale total score for cross-sectional studies
EAT-26 Eating Attitudes Test-26, EAT-40 Eating Attitudes Test-40, SCOFF Sick, Control, One Stone, Fat, Food, EDE-Q Eating Disorder Examination- Questionnaire, BEDS-7 Binge Eating Disorder Screener-7, ORTO-15 ORTO-15, QEDD Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses, EDDS The Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale, SD Self-developed, WCS The Weight Concern Scale, DEBQ Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, EDI Eating Disorder Inventory-I/II, ORTO-11 ORTO-11, ANIS Anorexia Nervosa Inventory for Self-Rating