Table 2.
Published reports of West Nile virus in travelers
| Year of occurrence | Patient, significant PMH | Origin/residence country | Destination | Reason for travel | Duration and city of stay in the endemic areas | Lineage | Clinical course and outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2001 [90] (Estiva et al.) |
41-year-old female, previously healthy | France | Senegal | Tourism | NA | NA | Acute febrile rash, rapid recovery as inpatient |
|
2001 [10] (Meeuse et al.) |
45-year-old female, previously healthy | The Netherlands | Israel | Tourism | NA | NA | Fever and altered behavior, rapid recovery as inpatient |
|
2002 [91] (Hubalek et al.) |
69-year-old male, previously healthy | Czech Republic | USA | Tourism | 2-month trip | NA | Fever, blurred speech, marked bradypsychism, and hydrocephalus, gradual recovery |
|
2003 [92] (Charles et al.) |
82-year-old male | France | USA | Tourism | Atlanta, Georgia, | NA | Encephalitis, inpatient rapid recovery |
|
2003 [93] (Prick et al.) |
69-year-old male | The Netherlands | Canada | Tourism | Ontario | NA | Encephalitis, rapid recovery as inpatient with a residual short-term memory dysfunction |
|
2007 [94] (D VDB et al.) |
NA | Belgium | USA | NA | Florida | NA | Neuroinvasive disease |
|
2008 [94] (D VDB et al.) |
NA | Belgium | Senegal/Guinea | NA | NA | NA | Confirmed WNV fever case without neuro involvement |
|
2008 [95] (Monge Maillo B et al.) |
51-year-old, previously healthy male | Spain | Nicaragua | Missionary | 2-year stay in Managua | NA | Meningo-encephalitis with acute flaccid paralysis, residual right upper limb paraparesis and muscular atrophy |
|
2009 [96] (Rogers et al.) |
58-year-old male | Australia | Israel | Visiting friends and relatives | Tel Aviv | 1 (New York 99 strain) | Encephalitis, rehabilitation for persisting lethargy and mild ataxia |
|
2010 [97] (Aboutaleb et al.) |
30-year-old female, previously healthy | Germany | Israel | Tourism | 10-day trip at the Sea of Galilee | NA | Fever, retro-orbital headache, and a macular rash, inpatient rapid recovery |
|
2011 [98] (Schultze-Amberger et al.) |
28-year-old female, previously healthy | Germany | Canada | Tourism | 2-week holiday trip to Ottawa mainly, and Ontario | NA | Severe encephalitic syndrome, discharged after 2 months in a rehabilitation center with full recovery |
|
2011 [99] (Larrieu et al.) |
58-year-old female, history of hypertension | Reunion island | Madagascar | Tourism | 2 weeks in the province of Mitsinjo | NA | Encephalitis, death after 1 month due to cardiogenic shock |
|
2012 [100] (Kropman et al.) |
44-year-old female | The Netherlands | Egypt | Tourism | NA | NA | Poliomyelitis-like, lower extremity weakness/paralysis, with complete recovery on the right and partial recovery on the left |
|
2012 [101] (Gabriel et al.) |
65-year-old male, history of reduced cardiac output (ejection fraction 25%), coronary artery bypass graft surgery in 1990, and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator several years ago | Germany | Greece | Tourism | several weeks in the village of Leskimi in Corfu | NA | Neuroinvasive disease, impaired motor and cognitive capacity, death after 3 months of neurological rehabilitation due to septic shock |
|
2012 [102] (Cnops et al.) |
73-year-old female, history of lymphoma | Belgium | Greece | Tourism | Kavala city in Macedonia | 2 | Encephalitis, death |
|
2012 [94] (D VDB et al.) |
NA | Belgium | Democratic Republic of Congo | NA | NA | NA | Neuroinvasive disease present |
|
2012 [94] (D VDB et al.) |
NA | Belgium | Sudan | NA | NA | NA | WNV fever without neuroinvasive disease |
|
2012 [101] (Gabriel et al.) |
60-year-old male, history of kidney transplantation in 1999 due to nephrosclerosis | Germany | Montenegro | Tourism | Bijela, and traveled back by road, via Bosnia, Serbia, and Hungary | NA | Neuroinvasive disease with several complications including seizures, kidney transplant failure, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Severe residual speech and motor impairment |
|
2012 [101] (Gabriel et al.) |
23-year-old female, previously healthy | Germany | Egypt | Study | 7 months in Cairo | NA | Influenza-like illness, inpatient rapid recovery |
|
2012 [101] (Gabriel et al.) |
43-year-old male, previously healthy | Germany | Tunisia | Tourism | NA | NA | Fever, asthenia, and hematemesis, inpatient rapid recovery |
|
2012 [103] (Hwang et al.) |
58-year-old male, medical history of diabetes and tobacco smoking |
Korea (first reported case of WNV in Korea) |
Guinea | Business trip | Was in Guinea, West Africa 7 months ago | NA | Headache since 2 months, cognitive impairment with mild memory disturbance, Leg weakness, arachnoiditis, myelitis |
|
2013 [104] (Quatresous et al.) |
74-year-old male, history of hypercholesterolemia and asymptomatic carotid stenosis, | France | Algeria | Tourism | NA | NA | Orchi-epididymitis and meningo-encephalitis |
|
2015 [105] (Pietsch et al.) |
34‐year‐old female, previously healthy | Germany | Austria | Tourism | 4‐week trip to the Barrier Lake of Ottenstein and Vienna | 2 | Influenza-like illness and exanthema, outpatient, rapid recovery |
|
2016 [106] (Paphitou et al.) |
75-year-old male, history of coronary artery disease and localized prostate cancer | Cyprus | Greece | Tourism | NA | NA | Meningo-encephalitis and flaccid paralysis, successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation and able to move his limps against resistance on day 60 of rehabilitation |
|
2017 [11] (Parkash et al.) |
72-year-old male, CKD stage 3 | UK | South Africa | Visiting friends and relatives | 3-week in Johannesburg, except for a 5-day safari in Kruger National Park region | 2 | Influenza-like illness, inpatient rapid recovery |
| 2017 [107] (Wollants et al.) | 83-year-old male, history of moderate chronic kidney disease | Belgium | Hungary | NA | 8-month trip | 2 | Multiple organ failure and loss of consciousness, residual memory loss 3 months after rehabilitation |
|
2017 [11] (Prakash et al.) |
76-year-old female, previously healthy | UK | South Africa | Visiting friends and relatives | 3-week in Johannesburg, except for a 5-day safari in Kruger National Park region | 2 | Meningo-encephalitis, residual mild cognitive impairment, ongoing balance disorder |
|
2018 [108] (Velasco et al.) |
60-year-old male, history of meningioma (treated with radiotherapy years ago) and thymoma in clinical remission | Spain | Romania | NA | Ajdud | 2 | Neuroinvasive disease, acalculous cholecystitis, pancreatitis, Takotsubo syndrome, full recovery after 1 year of rehabilitation |
|
2018 [28] (Nagy et al.) |
10 imported cases noted in Hungary | Cases were related to travel to following countries: Austria (1), Belgium (1), Croatia (2), Romania (2), Serbia (1 confirmed, 2 probable), Turkey (1) | |||||
|
2019 [109] (Whyler et al.) |
63-year-old female, history of follicular lymphoma in remission, with rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia | Australia | Southeast Europe | Tourism | 2-month travel to Danube River, Serbia, Croatia, Germany, Austria, Slovakia, and Hungary | 2 (West Nile virus Bulgaria 2015) | Meningo-encephalitis with severe acquired brain injury, death after 32 days |