Table 2.
Descriptive statistics
| Countries with LOW restrictions | Countries with HIGH restrictions | T-test for equality of means | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Description of variables | M | Std. error mean | M | Std. error mean | Significance p-value |
| - Containment index over 2020–2022 period | 47.823 | 0.987 | 59.606 | 1.054 | 0.05 |
| - Current health expenditure % of GDP, 2008–2018 | 8.578 | 0.490 | 9.800 | 0.593 | not sign. |
| - Share of people fully vaccinated against COVID-19, February 2022 | 69.460 | 0.020 | 72.856 | 0.023 | 0.01 |
| - Confirmed cases/population (%) | 24.69 | 3.42 | 26.06 | 2.24 | not sign. |
| - Fatality rates %, February 2022 | 74.333 | 0.177 | 76.375 | 0.082 | not sign. |
| - GDP growth (annual %), 2020 (§) | − 3.059 | 0.489 | − 5.174 | 1.083 | 0.1 |
Note: M = arithmetic mean, which is in boldface; (§) these data have missing values for some countries; not sign. = not significant