. 2022 Jul 26;10:949690. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.949690

TABLE 2.

Therapeutic effects of exosomes in OA.

Exosomes	Target cells	Mechanisms	Biological effects on OA	References
BMSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	ERK, AKT and p38 pathways	Protect chondrocytes from apoptosis	(Fukai et al., 2012; Cosenza et al., 2017; Qi et al., 2019; Jin et al., 2020)
	Synovial fibroblasts	Upregulate the expression of anabolic markers genes and decrease catabolic and inflammatory markers genes	Facilitate the repair of injured cartilage and subchondral bone
	Macrophages	MiR-26a-5p/PTGS2 pathway	Accelerate damage of synovial fibroblasts
	Macrophages	MiR-26a-5p/PTGS2 pathway	Suppress activities of synovial fibroblasts and macrophages
AMSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritis chondrocytes	Upregulate cytokine IL-10 and collagen II and decrease proinflammatory mediators	Cartilage regeneration and inflammatory modulation	Tofiño-Vian et al. (2018)
SMSCs-derived exosomes	Articular chondrocytes	WNT5a/WNT5b/YAP way	Stimulate the proliferation and movement of chondrocytes	(Koizumi et al., 2016; Tao et al., 2017b; Zhu et al., 2017)
		MiR-140-5p mediated protection of ECM in vitro	Facilitate cartilage regeneration and suppress OA progression
		MiR-140-5p mediated protection of ECM in vitro	Regulate bone remodeling
EMSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	Balance the synthesis and degradation of cartilage matrix	Prevent the development of cartilage destruction	(Tan et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016)
EMSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	Balance the synthesis and degradation of cartilage matrix	Regeneration of cartilage and subchondral bone	(Tan et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016)
hUSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	Decrease the expression of endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) gene	Promote the proliferation and migration capacity of OA chondrocytes	Liu et al. (2022b)
hUSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes		Suppress the apoptosis of OA chondrocytes	Liu et al. (2022b)
iPSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	Unknown	Stimulate the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes	Zhu et al. (2017)
AFSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	TGF-β and IDO mediated immunosuppressive	Cartilage repair	Zavatti et al. (2020)
AFSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	Promote M2 polarization	Cartilage repair	Zavatti et al. (2020)
UMSCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	MiR-100-5p/NOX4 signaling pathway	Alleviate apoptosis	Yan and Wu, (2020)
ASCs-derived exosomes	Human stem cells	Regulation of genes expression by upstream regulatory pathways	Bone and cartilage regeneration	Lei et al. (2022)
PRP-Exos	Osteoarthritic chondrocyte	WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway	Stimulate chondrocytes proliferation and migration	Liu et al. (2019)
PRP-Exos	Osteoarthritic chondrocyte	WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway	Decrease OA chondrocytes apoptosis	Liu et al. (2019)
IPFP-Exos	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	MiR-100-5p and its downstream pathway mediated downregulation of mTOR.	Reduce articular cartilage destruction	(Wu et al., 2019; Li et al., 2021a)
IPFP-Exos	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes		Improve gait function	(Wu et al., 2019; Li et al., 2021a)
Chondrocytes-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	Promote M2 macrophage infiltration	Restore the metabolism of degenerative chondrocytes	Zheng et al. (2019)
Chondrocytes-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	Promote M2 macrophage infiltration	Modulate immune reactivity	Zheng et al. (2019)
SFCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	MiR-126-3p mediated anti-inflammatory signaling	Suppress chondrocyte inflammation and cartilage degradation	Zhou et al. (2021)
SFCs-derived exosomes	Osteoarthritic chondrocytes	Decrease the production of proinflammatory cytokine	Suppress chondrocyte inflammation and cartilage degradation	Zhou et al. (2021)