Table 2. Prevalence of psychological distress in the surveys, and change in the rates of the distress over 1 year.
| Psychological distress scale | Median (IQR) | n 1 | Rate 1 | 95%CI; ± P-value | n 1 | Rate 1 | 95%CI; ± P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety (GAD-7) | GAD-7 ≥10 | GAD-7 ≥15 | |||||
| Survey 1 (N = 684) | 5 (2, 9) | 154 | 22.5% | (19.4%, 25.8%) | 56 | 8.2% | (6.2%, 10.5%) |
| Survey 2 (N = 553) | 5 (1, 8) | 101 | 18.3% | (15.1%, 21.7%) | 41 | 7.4% | (5.4%, 9.9%) |
| Survey 3 (N = 439) | 5 (1, 8) | 90 | 20.5% | (16.8%, 24.6%) | 50 | 11.4% | (8.6%, 14.7%) |
| Change (IRR; 95%CI; P) 2 | 0.94 | (0.93, 1.17; P = 0.51) | 1.42 | (1.00, 2.02; P = 0.053) | |||
| Depression (PHQ-9) | PHQ-9 ≥10 | PHQ-9 ≥15 | |||||
| Survey 1 (N = 684) | 5 (2, 9) | 177 | 25.9% | (22.6%, 29.3%) | 68 | 9.9% | (7.8%, 12.4%) |
| Survey 2 (N = 553) | 5 (2, 9) | 127 | 23.0% | (19.5%, 26.7%) | 66 | 11.9% | (9.4%, 14.9%) |
| Survey 3 (N = 439) | 5 (1, 10) | 121 | 27.6% | (23.4%, 32.0%) | 62 | 14.1% | (11.0%, 17.7%) |
| Change (IRR; 95%CI; P) 2 | 1.10 | (0.93, 1.32; P = 0.27) | 1.39 | (1.07, 1.81; P = 0.015) | |||
| Insomnia (ISI) | ISI ≥10 | ISI ≥15 | |||||
| Survey 1 (N = 684) | 9 (5, 13) | 326 | 47.7% | (43.9%, 51.5%) | 131 | 19.2% | (16.3%, 22.3%) |
| Survey 2 (N = 553) | 9 (4, 13) | 248 | 19.2% | (16.0%, 22.7%) | 106 | 19.2% | (16.0%, 22.7%) |
| Survey 3 (N = 439) | 9 (5, 14) | 218 | 21.1% | (17.5%, 25.3%) | 93 | 21.1% | (17.5%, 25.3%) |
| Change (IRR; 95%CI; P) 2 | 1.06 | (0.95, 1.19; P = 0.30) | 1.10 | (0.88, 1.37; P = 0.41) | |||
| Insomnia (Cont.) | ISI ≥22 | ||||||
| Survey 1 (N = 684) | 14 | 2.0% | (1.1%, 3.4%) | ||||
| Survey 2 (N = 553) | 20 | 3.6% | (2.2%, 5.5%) | ||||
| Survey 3 (N = 439) | 19 | 4.3% | (2.6%, 6.7%) | ||||
| Change (IRR; 95%CI; P) 2 | 1.72 | (0.97, 3.05; P = 0.063) | |||||
| Stress, PTSD (IES-R) | IES-R ≥33 | IES-R ≥37 | |||||
| Survey 1 (N = 684) | 15 (6, 26) | 111 | 16.2% | (13.5%, 19.2%) | 76 | 11.1% | (8.9%, 13.7%) |
| Survey 2 (N = 553) | 12 (4, 23) | 64 | 11.6% | (9.0%, 14.5%) | 50 | 9.0% | (6.8%, 11.7%) |
| Survey 3 (N = 439) | 8 (2, 21) | 42 | 9.6% | (7.0%, 12.7%) | 34 | 7.7% | (5.4%, 10.7%) |
| Change (IRR; 95%CI; P) 2 | 0.59 | (0.42, 0.84; P = 0.0029) | 0.69 | (0.46, 1.04; 0.078) | |||
1 Rate of occurrence of cases above the stated distress scale threshold: n = case numbers; N = total response numbers; rate as percentage; exact binomial 95% confidence intervals; missing data substituted by multiple imputation
2 Rate of change per year in occurrence of cases: Incidence rate ratio (I.R.R.; 95% confidence intervals; P-values) estimated by Poisson regression