Table 5. Relative impact of predictors on Impact of Events–Revised (IES-R) score in responses over the year of surveys.
| Association between IES-R and predictor at each survey time period 1,2 | Change in association between IES-R and predictor over the year 1,2 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survey 1 (Initial; N = 684) | Survey 2 (3-month; N = 553) | Survey 3 (12-month; N = 439) | ||||||||||
| Predictors | O.R. | 95%CI | P-value | O.R. | 95%CI | P-value | O.R. | 95%CI | P-value | O.R. | 95%CI | P-value |
| Change in IES-R over 1 year 3 | 0.64 | (0.51, 0.81) | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Individual predictors | ||||||||||||
| Current home/family stress | 1.93 | (1.61, 2.30) | <0.001 | 1.85 | (1.60, 2.14) | <0.001 | 1.56 | (1.22, 1.98) | <0.001 | 0.81 | (0.59, 1.10) | 0.18 |
| Poor clinical team support | 1.30 | (1.13, 1.50) | <0.001 | 1.36 | (1.20, 1.54) | <0.001 | 1.62 | (1.29, 2.03) | <0.001 | 1.24 | (0.95, 1.62) | 0.12 |
| Concerned about PPE | 1.29 | (1.13, 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.28 | (1.14, 1.42) | <0.001 | 1.21 | (0.99, 1.48) | 0.058 | 0.94 | (0.73, 1.20) | 0.61 |
| Future home/family stress | 1.23 | (1.04, 1.47) | 0.017 | 1.22 | (1.06, 1.40) | 0.007 | 1.14 | (0.87, 1.50) | 0.33 | 0.93 | (0.66, 1.30) | 0.67 |
| Poor ability for quality care | 1.21 | (1.05, 1.39) | 0.006 | 1.17 | (1.04, 1.32) | 0.008 | 1.02 | (0.80, 1.30) | 0.87 | 0.85 | (0.63, 1.13) | 0.25 |
| Inadequacy of information | 1.18 | (1.03, 1.35) | 0.015 | 1.18 | (1.06, 1.32) | 0.004 | 1.19 | (0.95, 1.48) | 0.13 | 1.01 | (0.77, 1.31) | 0.97 |
| Future financial stress | 1.18 | (0.99, 1.42) | 0.066 | 1.18 | (1.01, 1.37) | 0.033 | 1.16 | (0.85, 1.60) | 0.34 | 0.98 | (0.68, 1.43) | 0.93 |
| Excessive information | 1.12 | (0.99, 1.26) | 0.074 | 1.11 | (1.00, 1.23) | 0.044 | 1.09 | (0.90, 1.32) | 0.37 | 0.98 | (0.78, 1.23) | 0.85 |
| Social situation | 1.11 | (0.98, 1.27) | 0.11 | 1.09 | (0.98, 1.22) | 0.12 | 1.00 | (0.83, 1.21) | 0.98 | 0.90 | (0.72, 1.14) | 0.38 |
| Covid ward status | 1.07 | (0.94, 1.22) | 0.29 | 1.06 | (0.95, 1.20) | 0.30 | 1.02 | (0.79, 1.32) | 0.86 | 0.95 | (0.72, 1.26) | 0.74 |
| Current financial stress | 1.07 | (0.90, 1.28) | 0.46 | 1.13 | (0.97, 1.31) | 0.12 | 1.41 | (1.05, 1.90) | 0.022 | 1.32 | (0.93, 1.87) | 0.12 |
| Smoking | 1.04 | (0.93, 1.17) | 0.48 | 1.07 | (0.97, 1.18) | 0.18 | 1.20 | (0.97, 1.48) | 0.095 | 1.15 | (0.90, 1.47) | 0.28 |
| Intensity of exposure | 1.04 | (0.90, 1.19) | 0.59 | 1.07 | (0.95, 1.20) | 0.28 | 1.19 | (0.97, 1.47) | 0.087 | 1.15 | (0.89, 1.48) | 0.28 |
| Public sector | 1.03 | (0.89, 1.20) | 0.66 | 1.04 | (0.92, 1.18) | 0.56 | 1.05 | (0.89, 1.25) | 0.54 | 1.02 | (0.81, 1.28) | 0.87 |
| Enough deployment training | 1.02 | (0.89, 1.17) | 0.78 | 1.04 | (0.93, 1.17) | 0.46 | 1.16 | (0.94, 1.42) | 0.17 | 1.13 | (0.89, 1.45) | 0.32 |
| Age group | 0.95 | (0.83, 1.09) | 0.49 | 0.95 | (0.85, 1.07) | 0.42 | 0.95 | (0.77, 1.18) | 0.66 | 1.00 | (0.78, 1.29) | 1.00 |
| Poor access to rapid tests | 0.95 | (0.83, 1.08) | 0.45 | 0.96 | (0.86, 1.07) | 0.43 | 0.98 | (0.79, 1.22) | 0.87 | 1.03 | (0.79, 1.35) | 0.82 |
| Lower staff grade | 0.90 | (0.79, 1.02) | 0.099 | 0.90 | (0.80, 1.00) | 0.044 | 0.89 | (0.73, 1.07) | 0.21 | 0.99 | (0.78, 1.25) | 0.91 |
| Higher education level | 0.88 | (0.78, 1.00) | 0.056 | 0.87 | (0.78, 0.97) | 0.014 | 0.83 | (0.68, 1.00) | 0.050 | 0.93 | (0.74, 1.17) | 0.56 |
| Males | 0.80 | (0.71, 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.81 | (0.73, 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.85 | (0.70, 1.04) | 0.13 | 1.07 | (0.84, 1.36) | 0.58 |
1 Associations between predictors and outcomes, and change in outcomes over 1 year were estimated using repeated-measures ordered logistic regression; the effects were shown as odds ratios (O.R.; 95% confidence intervals; P-values), adjusted for each of the predictors shown in the tables; missing data was substituted by multiple imputation. Odds ratios of 1.00 indicate no association; O.R. more than 1.00 indicate a positive association; O.R. less than 1.00 indicate a negative association.
2 The association between predictors and outcomes in the surveys were estimated for the mean survey completion dates for each survey, set as the zero value of the time interaction predictor: (date of each survey completion by specific respondent minus the mean date of each survey completion). Mean date of survey completion was: Survey 1, 0.1 years on 6/05/2020; Survey 2, 0.29 years on 13/07/2020; Survey 3, 1.1 years 8/05/2021. The change in association between each predictor and outcomes was determined by the time interaction.
3 Model fit parameters: Log likelihood (null) -6229.95; Log likelihood (model) -5812.02; df 113; Akaike information criterion (AIC) 11850.03; Bayesian information criterion (BIC) 12462.96