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. 2022 Aug 9;22(10):591–592. doi: 10.1038/s41577-022-00771-8

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© Springer Nature Limited 2022

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 1 — a | Emerging Omicron sub-variants escape immunity conferred by infection with non-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants^4,5. b | A second dose of mRNA vaccine gives moderate protection for non-Omicron and limited protection against Omicron variants 6–8 months post-vaccination^4,5. c | Hybrid immunity elicited by BA.1 breakthrough infection in vaccinated individuals (2 doses) provides cross-variant protection but causes neutralization escape for newly emerging Omicron variants^2,8. d | Hybrid immunity generated by Delta infection in vaccinated individuals elicits broader protection against non-micron and Omicron (BA.1) variants⁶. e | Compared with B.1.617.2, immune imprinting generated by infection with Wuhan/B.1.1.7, vaccination (3 doses) and Omicron reinfection decreases Omicron neutralizing antibodies and T cell recognition, which may increase chances of Omicron reinfection. Consistent with Reynolds et al.⁹.