Table 4.
Multivariate analyses of factors associated with five different post-COVID-19 condition outcomes, South Africa, Dec 1, 2020, to Aug 23, 2021 (n=1873)
| New or persistent symptoms | Breathlessness | Self-reported non-recovery | New or worsening disability | Anxiety or depression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group, years | |||||
| <40 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 40–64 | 1·04 (0·86–1·27) | 1·04 (0·71–1·54) | 0·82 (0·51–1·31) | 1·30 (1·03–1·65)* | 0·98 (0·74–1·29) |
| ≥65 | 1·14 (0·89–1·46) | 0·91 (0·56–1·47) | 0·58 (0·32–1·07) | 1·37 (1·03–1·80)* | 0·67 (0·45–0·99)* |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Female | 1·20 (1·04–1·38)* | 1·37 (1·05–1·77)* | 1·92 (1·37–2·70)* | 1·43 (1·21–1·67)* | 1·55 (1·25–1·92)* |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Black | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| White | 1·08 (0·92–1·28) | 1·86 (1·32–2·63)* | 1·84 (1·24–2·70)* | 1·18 (0·99–1·41) | 1·08 (0·85–1·39) |
| Mixed | 1·22 (0·95–1·56) | 1·69 (1·04–2·76)* | 1·95 (1·10–3·45)* | 1·15 (0·78–1·69) | 1·03 (0·70–1·50) |
| Indian | 1·14 (0·88–1·48) | 1·29 (0·73–2·26) | 1·89 (1·02–3·52)* | 0·92 (0·60–1·39) | 0·78 (0·50–1·23) |
| Unknown | 1·15 (0·59–2·25) | 1·21 (0·29–5·00) | NA | 2·04 (1·01–4·13)* | 1·32 (0·49–3·60) |
| Admitted to ICU | |||||
| No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 1·17 (1·01–1·37)* | 1·31 (0·99–1·73) | 1·09 (0·74–1·59) | 1·29 (1·08–1·53)* | 1·01 (0·74–1·39) |
| Received supplemental oxygen | |||||
| No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 1·12 (0·94–1·34) | 2·19 (1·41–3·39)* | 1·52 (0·97–2·38) | 1·34 (1·09–1·65)* | 1·08 (0·86–1·36) |
| Received invasive mechanical ventilation | |||||
| No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 1·02 (0·80–1·32) | 1·21 (0·80–1·85) | 2·07 (1·28–3·32)* | 1·09 (0·84–1·41) | 1·08 (0·70–1·65) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Asthma | NA | 1·42 (0·91–2·25) | 2·19 (1·35–3·57)* | 1·32 (0·98–1·79) | NA |
| Obesity | 1·10 (0·96–1·27) | 1·26 (0·97–1·64) | NA | NA | 1·20 (0·97–1·49) |
| Diabetes type 1 | NA | NA | 0·64 (0·41–0·99)* | NA | NA |
| Diabetes type 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hypertension | NA | NA | 1·81 (1·28–2·56)* | NA | NA |
| Rheumatological disorder | NA | NA | NA | 1·60 (0·98–2·59) | NA |
| Depression | NA | NA | 2·37 (1·02–5·48)* | NA | NA |
| Acute COVID-19 symptoms | |||||
| None | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 1–3 | 1·12 (0·81–1·53) | 2·44 (0·98–6·09) | 1·22 (0·52–2·92) | 1·47 (1·01–2·13)* | 1·07 (0·63–1·80) |
| ≥4 | 1·25 (0·92–1·69) | 2·73 (1·11–6·71)* | 1·81 (0·82–3·99) | 1·64 (1·15–2·35)* | 1·76 (1·08–2·85)* |
Data are adjusted incidence rate ratio (95% CI). ICU=intensive care unit. NA=not applicable.
*
Significant association.