4. Summary of criteria and assessments applied to classify the hyperkalaemia risk of participants in the included studies .
| Study | Renal function reported at baseline (e.g. serum creatinine concentration, GFR) | Renal impairment at screening as exclusion criterion (e.g. or serum creatinine concentration, GFR) | Blood Pressure status reported at baseline | Use of antihypertensive medication reported at baseline | Use of antihypertensive medication at screening as exclusion criterion | Use of potassium‐sparing medications at screening as exclusion criterion | Assessment of hyperkalaemia risk |
| Allaert 2013 | NR | NR | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (40/40) | No medication | Yes | No | Not at risk |
| Allaert 2017 | NR | Kidney failure or disease (not defined) | Pre‐hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (22/22); 100 (19/19) | No medication | Yes | No | Not at risk |
| Arzilli 1986 | NR | NR | Hypertensive, % (n/N); 100 (10/10) | NR | NR | NR | Unclear risk a |
| Bernabe‐Ortiz 2014 | NR | A history of terminal or severe chronic kidney disease (receiving any form of dialysis) | (Hypertensive, % (n/N): 18.3 (428/2342) [village A 17.1 (91/534); village B 20.5 (90/449); village C 18.2 (59/329); village D 13.6 (56/414); village E 24.8 (79/328); village F 16.9 (53/322)] | NR | No | Yes | Not at risk |
| Chang 2006 | NR | Serum creatinine ≥ 3.5 mg/dL (>= 309 µmol/L) | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 40.2 (309/768); 40.4 (490/1213) | NR | No | No | Possibly at risk |
| CSSS Collaborative Group 2007 | Serum creatinine in µmol/L, mean (SD): 74.0 (20.0); 74.5 (19.1) | Abnormal serum creatinine concentrations | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 57 (173/306); 57 (172/302) |
Any antihypertensive medication, % (n): 61 (185/306); diuretic, % (n): 6 (19/306); ACE inhibitor or ARB, % (n): 10 (31/306); beta‐blocker, % (n): 6 (17/306); calcium antagonist, % (n): 23 (70/306) | No | Yes | Not at risk |
| Geleijnse 1994 | NR | Serum creatinine > 200 µmol/L | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (49/49); 100 (51/51) | No medication | Yes | No | Possibly at risk |
| Gilleran 1996 | NR | Hypertensive nephropathy (persistent proteinuria or serum creatinine > 130 µmol/L) | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (20/20); 100 (20/20) |
Stopped one month prior | Yes | No | Not at risk |
|
Hu 2018 (hypertensive participants) |
NR | Serum creatinine > 177 µmol/L | Hypertensive, % (n/N):100 (110/110); 100 (110/110) |
Antihypertensive medication, % (n/N): 71.8 (79/110); 77.3 (85/110) | No | Yes | Possibly at risk b |
|
Hu 2018 (family members) |
NR | Serum creatinine > 177 µmol/L | Family members: Hypertensive, % (n/N): 31.6 (59/187); 24.2 (45/186) | No medication | No | Yes | Possibly at risk b |
| Kawasaki 1998 | NR | NR | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 47.6 (10/21); 40.0 (4/20) | Beta‐blockers, calcium channel blockers or both, n/N: 19.0 (4/21); 20.0 (4/20) | No | No | Not at risk |
| Li 2014 | NR | Serious kidney diseases (not defined) | NR | NR | No | Yes | Not at risk |
| Li 2016 c | NR | Microalbuminuria, % (n/N) 6.6 (64/969); 9.2 (84/916); macroalbuminuria, % (n/N): 0.01 (5/975); 0.011 (10/928). | Hypertensive, %: 56.5 (731/1294); 58 (738/1272) | Antihypertensive medication use, % (n/N): 19 (246/1294); 21 (267/1272) | NR | NR | Unclear risk |
| Mu 2003 | NR | NR | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (110/110); 100 (110/110) | NR | No | No | Unclear risk a |
|
Mu 2009 (participants with hypertension and family members) |
NR | Serum creatinine above normal range | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (101/101); 100 (114/114) |
NR | No | Yes | Not at risk |
| Neal 2021 | NR | Serious kidney disease (not defined) | Hypertensive (uncontrolled), % (n/N): 59.4 (6240/10505) , 59.2 (6211/10491) | Any antihypertension medication use g, % (n/N): 79.9 (8393/10505), 78.7 (8256/10491); ACE inhibitor or ARB, % (n/N): 23.1 (2427/10505), 23.0 (2413/10491) | No | Yes | Possibly at risk |
| Omvik 1995 | NR | Serum creatinine above normal range |
Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (20/20); 100 (20/20) | No medication | No | No | Not at risk |
| Pan 2017 | NR | GFR < 60ml/min |
Hypertensive, %(n/N): 56.7 (55/97); 68.4 (62/95) | NR | No | Yes | Not at risk |
| Pereira 2005 | Serum creatinine in µmol/L, mean (SD): 81.35 (8.84); 80.46 (8.84) | Kidney disease (not defined) | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (28/28) | Chlorthalidone 25 mg, % (n/N): 68 (15/22); on hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, % (n/N): 32 (7/22) | Use of other antihypertensives other than those specified. |
Yes | Not at risk |
| Sarkkinen 2011 | NR | Abnormal kidney function (not defined) | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (25/25); 100 (25/25) | No medication | Yes | Yes (NSAIDs, cyclosporine, tacrolimus) | Not at risk |
| Suppa 1988 | NR | Serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL (133 µmol/L) |
Hypertensive % (n/N): 100 (163/163); 100 (159/159) | Beta‐blocker monotherapy (metoprolol), % (n/N): 100 (163/163); 100 (159/159) |
No | No | Not at risk |
| Toft 2020 | NR | NR | Normotensive | No medication | Yes | No | Not at risk |
| Yu 2021 | NR | History of acute or chronic kidney disease (CKD) g | Hypertensive, % (n/N) 100 (252/252); 100 (250/250) | Antihypertensive medication use, % (n/N): 97.2 (245/252); 94.4 (236/250); ACE inhibitors or ARB, % (n/N): 27.8 (70/252); 32.0 (80/250) | No | Yes | Possibly at risk |
| Zhang 2015 | Serum creatinine in µmol/L, mean (SD mean (SD): 69 (20.4); 69 (18.7) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Unclear risk d |
| Zhao 2014 | NR | History of kidney disease | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (141/141); 100 (141/141) | Antihypertensive use in the past month, % (n/N): 47.0 (61/141); 50.7 (71/141); average number of antihypertensive medicines taken, mean (SD): 0.4 (0.5); 0.5 (0.5) | No | No | Possibly at risk e |
| Zhou 2009 (hypertensive participants) | Serum creatinine, in µmol/L, mean (SD): 78.5 (18.5); 76.8 (19.0) | Impaired renal function (not defined) | Hypertensive, % (n/N): 100 (62/62); 100 (64/64) | Antihypertensive medication use, % (n/N): 53.2 (33/62); 54.7 (35/64) | No | Yes | Not at risk |
| Zhou 2009 (normotensive participants) | Serum creatinine, in µmol/L, mean (SD): 75.6 (21.2); 77.5 (18.9) | Impaired renal function (not defined) | Normotensive, % (n/N): 100 (57/57); 100 (65/65) | No medication | No | Yes | Not at risk |
| Zhou 2013 | NR | Significant renal impairment (not defined) | History of hypertension, % (n/N): 75 (169/224); 74 (176/238) | Captopril, nifedipine or compound reserpine, % (n/N): 41.07 (92/224); 40 (94/238) | No | Yes | Possibly at risk f |
Abbreviations: ACE: angiotensin‐converting enzyme ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker CKD: chronic kidney disease GFR: glomerular filtration rate NR: not reported NSAID: non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug SD: standard deviation a Medication use and renal function unclear b Even though participants on potassium‐sparing medications were excluded, serum creatinine cut‐off used could still indicate sub‐optimal kidney function and possible risk of hyperkalaemia c Baseline data not collected. Values reflect data collected during the endline survey d Medication use not reported e Some of participants judged to be at risk due to antihypertensive medication use f Use of captopril g From Levey 2013