6. Comparison 1: Overview of Synthesis and Included Studies (OSIS).
| Study name (year) | Study design (individual vs stepped‐wedge vs cluster‐randomised [and unit of randomisation, if applicable]) | Country of conduct | Overall risk of bias (arranged low to high) | Key details of intervention (% KCl, LSSS (implementation [discretionary, non‐discretionary, both], quantity, provided or purchased, co‐interventions [education, advice]) | Key details of the comparator (implementation [discretionary, non‐discretionary, both], quantity, provided or household supply, co‐interventions [education, advice]) | Population (No. of participants randomised [intervention/control], age, gender, hypertensive status, antihypertensive medication use, BMI) | Outcome domains with available data (synthesis method/metric) | Specific outcomes measure | Time point of measurement |
| Allaert 2017 | Individually randomised | France | Low | No KCl content in LSSS (97% NaCl and 3% chitosan) Discretionary use to a maximum of 3 g per day 300 g provided Participants not to change their dietary, physical activity, smoking habits during study period |
Regular salt Discretionary use to a maximum of 3 g per day 300 g provided Participants not to change their dietary, physical activity, smoking habits during study period |
22/19 51 (16) years Male, %: 51.2 Pre‐hypertensive None NR |
Change in blood pressure Cardiovascular events Change in blood potassium Adverse events |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Various other cardiovascular events 4. Change in blood potassium 5. Various other adverse events |
1. 56 days 2. 56 days 3. ≤ 3 months 4. 56 days 5. ≤ 3 months |
| CSSS Collaborative Group 2007 | Individually randomised | China | Low | 25% KCl LSSS (with 65% NaCl and 10% MgSO4) Discretionary use Up to 3 kg per month provided for household use Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use Up to 3 kg per month provided for household use Co‐interventions NR |
306/302 59 (10)/61 (9.7) years Female, %: 54/58 Hypertensive, %: 57/57 Use of any antihypertensive medication, %: 61/61 26 (3.6)/25(3.9) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Cardiovascular events Hyperkalaemia Mortality Adverse events |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Various other cardiovascular events 4. Hyperkalaemia 5. All‐cause mortality 6. Various other adverse events |
1. See Table 7 2. 12 months 3. > 3 to 12 months 4. 12 months 5. > 3 to 12 months 6. > 3 to 12 months |
| Li 2014 | Cluster‐randomised (households) | China | Low | 30% KCl LSSS (KCl 30.0 ± 10.0 %; NaCl 70.0 ± 10.0%;) Discretionary use 350 g provided (frequency NR) Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use Own household supply Co‐interventions NR |
253/263 59.3 (11.7)/59.2 (8.7) years Female, %: 50.9/48.7 NR NR NR |
Change in blood pressure |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP |
1. 2 months 2. 2 months |
| Neal 2021 | Cluster‐randomised (villages) | China | Low | 30 ± 10% KCl (with 70 ± 10% NaCl ) Discretionary use at average intake of 20 g per person per day Provided regular supply of LSSS to households (up to 20 kg per year for a household with 3 members) Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use Own household supply Advice about reducing salt intake given at study commencement. |
10504/10491 65.2 (8.5)/ 65.5 (8.5) years Female, %: 49.7 Hypertensive, %: 59.4/59.2 Any antihypertensive medication, %: 79.9/78.7 24.8 (3.6)/24.9 (3.7) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Cardiovascular events Mortality Hyperkalaemia 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Cardiovascular events: non‐fatal stroke 4. Cardiovascular events: non‐fatal acute coronary syndrome 5. Cardiovascular mortality 6. Stroke mortality 7. All‐cause mortality 8. Hyperkalaemia 9. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 10. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 60 months 2. 60 months 3. 4.75 years mean follow‐up 4. 4.75 years mean follow‐up 5. 4.75 years mean follow‐up 6. 4.75 years mean follow‐up 7. 4.75 years mean follow‐up 8. 4.75 years mean follow‐up 9. 60 months 10. 60 months |
| Pan 2017 | Individually randomised | Taiwan | Low | Two intervention arms: 50% KCl LSSS (with NaCl 50%) or 42.85% KCl LSSS, (with 42.85% NaCl, 14.3% MgSO4) Discretionary use at approx. 6.5 g per person day 1 kg provided at study entry and 3 months, for household use Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use at approx. 6.5 g per person per day 1 kg provided at study entry and 3 months, for household use Co‐interventions NR |
97/95/99 64.4 (9.8)/64.7 (9.9)/ 64.8 (10.3) years Female, %: 42.3/34.7/32.3 Hypertensive, %: 56.7/68.4/50.5 NR NR |
Cardiovascular events Mortality Adverse events |
1. Cardiovascular events: non‐fatal stroke 2. All‐cause mortality 3. Various other adverse events |
1. > 3 to 12 months 2. > 3 to 12 months 3. > 3 to 12 months |
| Yu 2021 | Individually randomised | India | Low | 30% KCl (with 70% NaCl) Discretionary use of 20 g per person per day. Provided up to 5 kg every 3 months for household use Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use of 20 g per person per day Provided up to 5 kg every 3 months for household use Co‐interventions NR |
252/252 61.5 (11.1)/ 61.7 (12.9) years Female, %: 58.3/59.2 Hypertensive Any hypertensive medication use, %: 97.2/94.4 23.1 (4.7)/23.6 (4.2) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Hyperkalaemia Adverse events 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Hyperkalaemia 4. Various other adverse events 5. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 6. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 3 months 2. 3 months 3. 3 months 4. ≤ 3 months 5. 3 months 6. 3 months |
| Zhao 2014 | Individually randomised | Tibet | Low | 25% KCl LSSS (with 65% NaCl and 10% MgSO4) Discretionary use Provided in sufficient amounts for household use Patients with pre‐existing antihypertensive medications not alter their prior regimen |
Regular salt Discretionary use Provided in sufficient amounts for household use Patients with pre‐existing antihypertensive medications not alter their prior regimen |
141/141 62.8 (11.1)/ 63.5 (11.3) years Female, %: 60.3/57.4 Hypertensive Antihypertensive use in the past month, %: 47.0/50.7 23.7 (3.1)/23.6 (3.4) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Blood pressure control Adverse events |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Blood pressure control 4. Antihypertensive medication use 5. Various other adverse events |
1. 3 months 2. 3 months 3. 3 months 4. 3 months 5. ≤ 3 months |
|
Zhou 2009 |
Individually randomised | China | Low | 30% KCl LSSS (with 65% NaCl, calcium, folic acid) Discretionary use 3 kg per month provided for household use Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use 3 kg per month provided for household use Co‐interventions NR |
62/64 67.5 (5.2)/ 65.7 (6.3) years Female, %: 56.5/57.8 Hypertensive Any antihypertensive medication use, %: 53.2/54.7 25.2 (3.5)/24.9 (3.7) kg/m2 57/65 68.1 (8.3)/65.4 (4.5) years Female, %: 50.9/55.4 Normotensive N/A 23.9 (3.2)/23.7 (3.3) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Cardiovascular events Change in blood glucose Change in blood lipids 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Various other cardiovascular events 4. Change in fasting blood glucose 5. Change in blood triglycerides 6. Change in total blood cholesterol 7. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 8. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 6 months 2. 6 months 3 > 3 to 12 months 4. 6 months 5. 6 months 6. 6 months 7. 6 months 8. 6 months |
| Allaert 2013 | Individually randomised | France | Unclear | No KCl content in LSSS (97% NaCl and 3% chitosan) Discretionary use to a maximum of 3 g per day Quantity provided NR Lifestyle advice (eating less fat and sugar, avoidance of liquorice) and physical exercise |
Sea salt Discretionary use to a maximum of 3 g per day Quantity provided NR Lifestyle advice (eating less fat and sugar, avoidance of liquorice) and physical exercise |
21/19 59.1 (11.6)/ 58.0 (12.7) years Female, %: 61.9/57.9 Hypertensive None 25.1 (3.8)/27.7 (5.8) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Blood pressure control |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Blood pressure control |
1. 8 weeks 2. 8 weeks 3. 8 weeks |
| Arzilli 1986 | Individually randomised | Italy | Unclear | Unknown KCl LSSS Discretionary use 2 g twice daily provided Hospital diet containing 20 mmol Na per day provided Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use 2 g twice daily provided Hospital diet containing 20 mmol Na per day provided Co‐interventions NR |
10/10 28 to 53 years Female, %: 40 Hypertensive NR NR |
Change in blood pressure |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP |
1. See Table 7 2. See Table 7 |
| Bernabe‐Ortiz 2014 | Stepped‐wedge (villages) | Peru | Unclear | 25% KCl LSSS (with 75% NaCl) Discretionary use Provision of LSSS via salt supply chain in each village. Social marketing strategy promoting LSSS use |
Regular salt Discretionary use Normal salt supply chain |
2376 (total) 43.3 (17.2) years Female, %: 50.4 Hypertensive, %: 18.3 NR 27.2 (4.6) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Blood pressure control 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Hypertension 4. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 5. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 30 months 2. 30 months 3. 30 months 4. 30 months 5. 30 months |
| Kawasaki 1998 | Individually randomised | Japan | Unclear | 10.1% K LSSS (with 22.9 % Na; 1.2% Mg) Discretionary and non‐discretionary use (soy sauce, miso) Participants to refrain from dining out and were not to change their lifestyle during the study period. |
Regular salt Discretionary and non‐discretionary use (regular soy sauce, miso) Participants to refrain from dining out and were not to change their lifestyle during the study period. |
21/20 65.9 (7.4)/65.8 (7.6) years Female, %: 47.6/ 50 Hypertensive, %: 47.6/40.0 Antihypertensive medication use, %: 19.0/20.0 22.9 (2.7)/23.3 (2.3) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Change in blood potassium Change in blood lipids 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Change in blood potassium 4. Change in blood triglycerides 5. Change in total blood cholesterol 6. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 7. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. See Table 7 2. See Table 7 3. 5 weeks 4. 5 weeks 5. 5 weeks 6. 5 weeks 7. 5 weeks |
| Li 2016 | Cluster‐randomised (villages) | China | Unclear | 20.0% KCl (up to 35.0%) (with 70.0% ± 10.0% NaCl, iodine) Discretionary use LSSS for purchase at village shops (subsidised LSSS or non‐subsidised LSSS) Community‐based health education programme on salt reduction 50% of villages included in a concurrent trial (primary‐care‐based high cardiovascular risk management package delivered by village doctors) |
Regular salt Discretionary use Regular salt for purchase at village shops 50% of villages included in a concurrent trial (primary‐care‐based high cardiovascular risk management package delivered by village doctors) |
1268/1253/1272 Age NR Gender NR Hypertensive status NR NR NR |
Change in blood pressure Blood pressure control Cardiovascular events Hyperkalaemia Change in BMI Renal function 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Hypertension 4. Antihypertensive medication use 5. Various other cardiovascular events 6. Hyperkalaemia 7. Change in BMI 8. Microalbuminuria 9. Macroalbuminuria 10. Change in uACR 11. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 12. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 18 months 2. 18 months 3. 18 months 4. 18 months 5. See Table 7 6. See Table 7 7. 18 months 8. 18 months 9. 18 months 10. 18 months 11. 18 months 12. 18 months |
| Mu 2009 | Cluster‐randomised (families) | China | Unclear | Unknown KCl LSSS Discretionary use Provided for household use (quantity NR) Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use Provided for household use (quantity NR) Co‐interventions NR |
101/114 20.3 (3.1)/21.4 (3.9) years Female, %: 55.5/47.4 Hypertensive NR 23.6 (2.0)/23.8 (2.1) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Hyperkalaemia Adverse events |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Hyperkalaemia 4. Various other adverse events |
1. See Table 7 2. See Table 7 3. 2 years 4. > 12 months |
| Omvik 1995 | Individually randomised | Norway | Unclear | KCl 28% LSSS (with NaCl 57%; MgSO4 12%; lysine 2%). Discretionary use 500 g provided for household use (frequency NR) Participants instructed re. salt‐restricted diet |
Regular salt Discretionary use 500 g provided for household use (frequency NR) Participants instructed re.salt‐restricted diet |
20/20 45.9/42.7 years Female, %: 30/35 Hypertensive None NR |
Change in blood pressure Cardiovascular events Change in blood potassium Renal function 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Various other cardiovascular events 4. Change in blood potassium 5. Change in serum creatinine 6. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 7. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 6 months 2. 6 months 3. > 3 to 12 months 4. 6 months 5. 6 months 6. 6 months 7. 6 months |
| Pereira 2005 | Individually randomised | Brazil | Unclear | 50% KCl LSSS (with 50% NaCl) Discretionary use 1 kg provided for household use Individualised hypocaloric diet and increased physical activity |
Regular salt Discretionary use 1 kg provided for household use Individualised hypocaloric diet and increased physical activity |
15/13 45.4 (13.2)/ Gender NR Hypertensive All participants on thiazide diuretics 32.5 (13.2)/30.2 (2.7) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Change in blood potassium Hypokalaemia Change in BMI Renal function Change in blood lipids |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Change in blood potassium 4. Hypokalaemia 5. Change in BMI 6. Change in serum creatinine 7. Change in blood triglycerides 8. Change in total blood cholesterol |
1. 12 weeks 2. 12 weeks 3. 12 weeks 4. 12 weeks 5. 12 weeks 6. 12 weeks 7. 12 weeks 8. 12 weeks |
| Sarkkinen 2011 | Individually randomised | Finland | Unclear | 25% KCl LSSS (with 50% NaCl; 25% Mg) Discretionary use (quantity provided NR) Non‐discretionary use (processed main dishes, bread, sausage/cold cuts and Edam cheese; to replace 60% of usual sodium intake) Participants instructed to avoid salt‐rich products, products containing bioactive peptides, licorice, ammonium chloride products and any food supplements that may affect BP |
Regular salt Discretionary use Non‐discretionary use (processed main dishes, bread, sausage/cold cuts and Edam cheese with regular salt content) Participants instructed to avoid salt‐rich products, products containing bioactive peptides, licorice, ammonium chloride products and any food supplements that may affect BP |
22/23 57 (12)/54 (11) years Female, %: 59/39 Hypertensive None 28 (3)/28 (3) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Cardiovascular events Adverse events Change in blood potassium Change in BMI 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Various other cardiovascular events 4. Various other adverse events 5. Change in blood potassium 6. Change in BMI 7. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 8. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 8 weeks 2. 8 weeks 3. ≤ 3 months 4. ≤ 3 months 5. See Table 7 6. 8 weeks 7. 8 weeks 8. 8 weeks |
| Suppa 1988 | Individually randomised | Italy | Unclear | KCl 25% (with 50% NaCl and 15% K3C6H5O7) Discretionary use 2 g provided twice daily Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use 2 g provided twice daily Co‐interventions NR |
163/159 47.1 (9.8)/47.8 (10.1) years Female, %: 35.6/39 Hypertensive All participants on β‐blocker monotherapy (Metoprolol) NR |
Change in blood pressure Cardiovascular events Adverse events 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Various other cardiovascular events 4. Various other adverse events 5. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 6. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 4 weeks 2. 4 weeks 3. See Table 7 4. See Table 7 5. 4 weeks 6. 4 weeks |
| Toft 2020 | Cluster‐randomised (families) | Denmark | Unclear | < 30% KCl LSSS (Per 100g: approximately 8000 mg sodium; 870 mg Mg and 100 mg‐200 mg K estimated from the technical data sheet) Non‐discretionary use (LSSS bread products to replace usual consumption), provided to families twice a week Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Non‐discretionary use (regular wholegrain bread products for usual consumption), provided to families twice a week Co‐interventions NR |
81/101 41.5 (9.5)/ 40.9 (8.0) years Female, %: 47.5/53.1 Normotensive N/A 25.8 (3.8)/24.8 (4.1) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Change in BMI Change in blood glucose Change in blood lipids 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Change in BMI 4. Change in fasting blood glucose 5. Change in blood triglycerides 6. Change in total blood cholesterol 7. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 8. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 4 months 2. 4 months 3. 4 months 4. 4 months 5. 4 months 6. 4 months 7. 4 months 8. 4 months |
| Zhou 2013 | Cluster‐randomised (families) | China | Unclear | 25% KCl LSSS (with 65% NaCl, 10% MgSO4). Discretionary use Estimated amount (based upon baseline salt intake) provided every 3 months for household use Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use Estimated amount (based upon baseline salt intake) provided every 3 months for household use Co‐interventions NR |
224/238 45.63 (13.72)/ 47.05 (13.46) years Female, %: 50.45/50.84 NR Any antihypertensive use, %: 41.07/40.0 25.94 (3.82)/26.66 (4.27) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Mortality Blood pressure control |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Cardiovascular mortality 4. Stroke mortality 5. All‐cause mortality 6. Antihypertensive medication use |
1. 36 months 2. 36 months 3. 13 years 4. 13 years 5. 13 years 6. 36 months |
| Chang 2006 | Cluster‐randomised (Retirement home kitchens) | Taiwan | High | 49% KCl LSSS (with 49% NaCl, 2% other additives) Discretionary use LSSS gradually replaced regular salt in the kitchens within a 4‐week period. Frequency and quantity provided NR Regular condiments and spices e.g. soy sauce and MSG, not limited |
Regular salt Discretionary use Frequency and quantity provided NR Regular condiments and spices e.g. soy sauce and MSG, not limited |
768/1213 75.21 (7.37)/74.67 years Male Hypertensive, % (n/N): 40.2/40.4 NR 23.3 (3.5) kg/m2 |
Mortality |
1. Cardiovascular mortality 2. All‐cause mortality |
1. 2.6 years mean follow‐up 2. 2.6 years mean follow‐up |
| Geleijnse 1994 | Individually randomised | Netherlands | High | 41% KCl LSSS (with 41% NaCl, 17% Mg) Discretionary use Non‐discretionary use (use of LSSS in bread, cheese, luncheon meats, canned and instant soups, smoked sausage ‐ replacement of approx. 57% of usual salt intake) Quantity provided and frequency NR Participants were instructed not to change dietary and lifestyle habits. |
Regular salt Discretionary use Non‐discretionary use (use of regular bread, cheese, luncheon meats, canned and instant soups, smoked sausage) Quantity provided and frequency NR Participants were instructed not to change dietary and lifestyle habits. |
49/51 65.7 (4.6)/ 67.1 (4.5) years Female, %: 47/51 Hypertensive None 27.1 (3.4)/27.2 (3.2) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Change in blood potassium Change in blood lipids 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Change in blood potassium 4. Change in total blood cholesterol 5. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 6. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 24 weeks 2. 24 weeks 3. 24 weeks 4. 24 weeks 5. 24 weeks 6. 24 weeks |
| Gilleran 1996 | Individually randomised | United Kingdom | High | 40% KCl LSSS (with 50% NaCl and 10% MgSO4). Discretionary use 680 g provided monthly for household use Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use 680 g provided monthly for household use Co‐interventions NR |
20/20 62.5 (7.8)/ 59.2 (10.8) years Female, %: 40/40 Hypertensive None 28.1 (4.6)/28.6 (3.7) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Cardiovascular events Change in blood lipids 24‐h urinary excretion |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Cardiovascular events: non‐fatal stroke 4. Change in blood triglycerides 5. Change in total blood cholesterol 6. 24‐h urinary sodium excretion 7. 24‐h urinary potassium excretion |
1. 9 months 2. 9 months 3. ≤ 3 months 4. 9 months 5. 9 months 6. 9 months 7. 9 months |
| Hu 2018 | Cluster‐randomised (families) | China | High | 25% KCl LSSS (with 65% NaCl, 10% MgSO4). Discretionary use 1 kg bags provided for household use (frequency NR) Participants instructed to avoid any changes in dietary or lifestyle habits. |
Regular salt Discretionary use 1 kg bags provided for household use (frequency NR) Participants instructed to avoid any changes in dietary or lifestyle habits. |
110/110 57.1 (10.9)/ 57.6 (10.1) years Female, %: 33.6/60.0 Hypertensive Antihypertensive medication use, %: 71.8/77.3 27.6 (3.3)/28.3 (3.5) kg/m2 187/186 family members 45.5 (17.5)/45.7 (17.4) years Female, %: 45.5/47.4 Hypertensive, % (n/N): 31.6/24.2 None 24.9 (3.8)/25.2 (4.3) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure Adverse events Blood pressure control |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Various other adverse events 4. Antihypertensive medication use |
1. 12 months 2. 12 months 3. > 3 to 12 months 4. 12 months |
| Mu 2003 | Individually randomised | China | High | Unknown KCl LSSS Discretionary use Provided for household use monthly (quantity NR) Co‐interventions: None |
Regular salt Discretionary use Provided for household use monthly (quantity NR) Co‐interventions: None |
110/110 20.7(2.0)/20.4 (2.2) years Female; %: 47.3/49 Hypertensive NR 21.9 (2.9)/22.2 (3.1) kg/m2 |
Change in blood pressure |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP |
1. 2 years 2. 2 years |
| Zhang 2015 | Cluster‐randomised (nursing homes) | China | High | 50% KCl (with 50% NaCl) Discretionary use of up to 10 g per person per day LSSS provided every 3 months Co‐interventions NR |
Regular salt Discretionary use of up to 10 g per person per day Regular salt provided every 3 months Co‐interventions NR |
NR 65 years Gender NR NR NR NR |
Change in blood pressure Change in blood potassium Hyperkalaemia Renal function |
1. Change in DBP 2. Change in SBP 3. Change in blood potassium 4. Hyperkalaemia 5. Change in serum creatinine 6. Microalbuminuria |
1. 3 years 2. 3 years 3. 1 to 1.5 years 4. 1 to 1.5 years 5. 1 to 1.5 years 6. 3 years |
Abbreviations: 24‐h: 24‐hour BMI: body mass index BP: blood pressure DBP: diastolic blood pressure K3C6H507: potassium citrate K(Cl): potassium (chloride) LSSS: low‐sodium salt substitutes Mg(SO4): magnesium (sulphate) MSG: monosodium glutamate N/A: not applicable Na(Cl): sodium (chloride) NR: not reported SBP: systolic blood pressure uACR: urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio