Table 1.
Comparison between group patients regarding all variables assessed
| With depressive symptoms (n = 16) |
Without depressive symptoms (n = 40) |
p-value | With anxiety symptoms (n = 13) |
Without anxiety symptoms (n = 43) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BASELINE | ||||||
| Age (years), median (min.-max.) | 63 (33–73) | 68 (30–80) | 0.044 (1) | 58 (33–73) | 67 (24–81) | 0.014 (1) |
| Male, n (%) | 9 (56.3) | 29 (72.5) | 0.239 (2) | 5 (38.5) | 13 (30.2) | 0.736 (3) |
| Married, n (%)* | 8 (50) | 26 (65) | 0.299 (2) | 7 (53.8) | 15 (34.9) | 0.220 (2) |
| Education (> 4 years), n (%)** | 7 (43.8) | 23 (57.5) | 0.351 (2) | 6 (46.2) | 24 (55.8) | 0.541 (2) |
| Active worker, n (%)*** | 7 (43.8) | 16(40) | 0.797 (2) | 7 (53.8) | 26 (60.5) | 0.671 (2) |
| Living alone, n (%)**** | 2 (12.5) | 5 (12.5) | 1.000 (3) | 12 (92.3) | 37 (86) | 1.000 (3) |
| Comorbidity (CCI), median (min.-max.) | 2 (0–5) | 3 (0–7) | 0.257 (1) | 2 (0–3) | 3 (0–7) | 0.071 (1) |
| Daily medication, median (min.-max.) | 4 (1–7) | 4.5 (0–11) | 0.949 (1) | 4 (0–11) | 4 (1–7) | 0.898 (1) |
| History of previous mental health care, n (%) | 8 (50) | 16 (40) | 0.495 (1) | 6 (46.2) | 18 (41.9) | 0.784 (2) |
| Previous psychotropic medication, n (%) | 8 (50) | 12 (30) | 0.158 (2) | 7 (53.8) | 13 (30.2) | 0.186 (3) |
| IN-HOSPITAL | ||||||
| APACHE-II, median (min.-max.) | 15.5 (6–36) | 16 (6–34) | 0.557 (1) | 14 (6–27) | 16 (5–36) | 0.204 (1) |
| SAPS-II, median (min.-max.) | 41.5 (18–68) | 39 (16–77) | 0.726 (1) | 34 (18–68) | 38.5 (7–77) | 0.648 (1) |
| Deep sedation, n (%) | 12 (75) | 30 (75) | 1.000 (3) | 9 (69.2) | 33 (76.7) | 0.717 (3) |
| Deep sedation (days), median (min.-max.) | 15 (6–62) | 20 (5–89) | 0.540 (1) | 15 (6–62) | 20 (5–89) | 0.509 (1) |
| IMV, n (%) | 12 (75) | 30 (75) | 1.000 (3) | 9 (69.2) | 33 (76.7) | 0.717 (3) |
| IMV (days), median (min.-max.) | 17 (7–70) | 24.5 (8–99) | 0.276 (1) | 17 (9–70) | 25 (7–99) | 0.307 (1) |
| ECMO, n (%) | 4 (25) | 8 (20) | 0.726 (3) | 4 (30.8) | 8 (18.6) | 0.443 (3) |
| Major complications, n (%): | ||||||
| Delirium | 7 (43.8) | 21 (52.5) | 0.554 (1) | 4 (30.8) | 24 (55.8) | 0.114 (2) |
| Nosocomial infections | 10 (62.5) | 29 (72.5) | 0.527 (3) | 8 (61.5) | 31 (72.1) | 0.504 (3) |
| Difficulty weaning from IMV | 7 (43.8) | 21 (52.5) | 0.554 (2) | 5 (38.5) | 23 (53.5) | 0.342 (2) |
| ICMD LoS, median (min.-max.) | 21.5 (9–66) | 35.5 (2-104) | 0.813 (1) | 20 (3–66) | 23 (2-104) | 0.727 (1) |
| Hospital LoS, median (min.-max.) | 50 (19–133) | 66.5 (21–255) | 0.765 (1) | 49 (19–133) | 52 (9-394) | 0.831 (1) |
| POST-DISCHARGE | ||||||
| Follow-up time (days), median (min.-max.) | 100 (74–139) | 95 (46–146) | 0.238 (1) | 95 (53–134) | 106 (46–146) | 0.356 (1) |
| Return to work, n (%) | 2 (28.6) | 9 (56.3) | 0.371 (3) | 2 (33.3) | 9 (52.9) | 0.640 (3) |
| ICU Memories, n (%) | 14 (87.5) | 31 (77.5) | 0.483 (3) | 11 (84.6) | 34 (79.1) | 1.000 (3) |
| Patient-reported cognitive complaints, n (%) | 12 (80) | 14 (37.8) | 0.006 (2) | 9 (75) | 17 (42.5) | 0.048 (2) |
| Cognitive impairment (6CIT), n (%) | 4 (25) | 6 (15) | 0.448 (3) | 4 (30.8) | 6 (14) | 0.218 (3) |
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), median (min.-max.) | - | - | - | 10 (6–24) | 2 (0–12) | < 0.001 (2) |
| Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7), median (min.-max.) | 8 (2–21) | 1 (0–4) | < 0.001 (2) | - | - | - |
| HRQoL (EQ-5D-5L) (with problems), n (%): | ||||||
| Mobility | 13 (81.3) | 22 (55) | 0.067 (2) | 10 (76.9) | 25 (58.1) | 0.330 (3) |
| Self-care | 4 (25) | 12 (30) | 1.000 (3) | 3 (23.1) | 13 (30.2) | 0.737 (3) |
| Usual activities | 13 (81.3) | 24(60) | 0.129 (2) | 10 (76.9) | 27 (62.8) | 0.507 (3) |
| Pain/discomfort | 15 (93.8) | 24 (60) | 0.022 (3) | 12 (92.3) | 27 (62.8) | 0.082 (3) |
| Anxiety/depression | 16 (100) | 17 (42.5) | < 0.001 (2) | 13 (100) | 20 (46.5) | < 0.001 (2) |
| EQ-VAS, median (min.-max.) | 55 (40–80) | 75 (40–100) | 0.146 (1) | 70 (40–100) | 75 (40–100) | 0.256 (1) |
| After discharge, fear of: n (%) | ||||||
| Being discriminated against for having COVID-19 | 6 (37.5) | 5 (12.5) | 0.059 (3) | 5 (38.5) | 6 (14) | 0.104 (3) |
| Infecting a relative/friend | 8 (50) | 16 (40) | 0.495 (2) | 6 (46.2) | 18 (41.9) | 0.784 (2) |
| Having COVID-19 disease again | 14 (87.5) | 29 (72.5) | 0.308 (3) | 11 (84.6) | 32 (74.4) | 0.710 (3) |
| Having sequelae related to COVID-19 | 14 (87.5) | 21 (52.5) | 0.015 (2) | 12 (92.3) | 23 (53.5) | 0.020 (3) |
| Relative with COVID-19 disease, n (%) | 13 (86.7) | 30 (78.9) | 0.706 (3) | 10 (83.3) | 33 (80.5) | 1.000 (3) |
| Relative who died from COVID-19, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (7.9) | 0.550 (3) | 0 (0) | 3 (7.3) | 1.000 (3) |
Note: min.-max: minimum-maximum; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; APACHE-II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; SAPS-II: The Simplified Acute Physiology score; IMV: Invasive Mechanical Ventilation; ECMO: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; ICMD: Intensive Care Medicine Department; LoS: Length of Stay; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; 6CIT: Six-item Cognitive Impairment test; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7: General Anxiety Disorder scale; EQ-5D-5L: EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level questionnaire; EQ-VAS: EQ-Visual Analogue scale; *Married vs. Other (single, divorced, widowed); **0–4 vs. > 4 Years of education; ***Active worker vs. Other professional situation (sick leave, unemployed, retired); ****Living alone vs. Other situation (living with partner/children, other family member); (1)Mann–Whitney test; (2)Chi-Square Independent test (3)Fisher’s exact test