Table 3.

Studies on climate-related children’s health outcomes included in review

Climate impact	Health outcome	Racial/ethnic group	Geographic scope	Example findings of disparities
Temperature	Perinatal [78, 79••, 80–84]	All	CA, MI, MN, NC, US	Greater likelihood of preterm birth associated with heat exposure among non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics than non-Hispanic Whites across 50 US metropolitan areas from 1981 to 1988 [81]
	Mortality [85–87]	B, L, W	FL, PA, US	Higher risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) among Black infants associated with a 10°F increase in temperature than Whites from 1972 to 2006 in 210 US cities [85]
	ED visit, HA [88•, 89–91]	All	GA, NY, US	Higher risk of all-cause ED visits (e.g., ear infection, behavioral disorder) among non-White than White children associated with extreme heat across 47 US children’s hospitals (2016–2018) [88•]
	Occupational [92•, 93, 94]	L	NC	45.5% of migrant and non-migrant child Latinx farmworkers in a prospective cohort experienced heat-related illness (e.g., dizziness, nausea, fainting) while working over the past year [94]
Hurricane, flood	Mental health [95]	L	PR	7.2% of Puerto Rico elementary school students (n = 6,900) had clinically significant symptoms of PTSD 5–9 months after Maria, with girls exceeding the clinical cutoff score more often than boys [95]
	Infant gut bacteria [96]	L	PR	Significantly decreased abundance of Veillonella gut bacteria among infants whose birth parent experienced food insecurity during pregnancy following Hurricane Maria [96]
	Body mass index [97]	A, B, L	T	Significantly greater body mass index (BMI) decrease among ethnic minority adolescents highly impacted by Hurricane Harvey compared to those less severely impacted [97]
Other	Perinatal [98, 99]	A, B, L, W	CA, PR	Elevated preterm birth risk in Ponce, San Juan, and Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, associated with precipitation and storm and flood event intensity and frequency from 1994 to 2012 [98]

A Asian, B Black, L Latinx, N Native American, P Pacific Islander, W White, All Asian, Black, Latinx, Native American, Pacific islander, White. ED Emergency Department, HA hospital admissions. Other category includes drought, precipitation, phenological events, multiple climate exposures