Table 2.
Overview of dataset with clinical variables in healthy control group (HC) and Parkinson’s disease patients (PD) with p values from Mann–Whitney U test for numerical variables and Fisher’s exact test for binary variables.
| HC n = 556 | PD = 430 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical symptoms and scales | Mean or YES in % | SD or NO/YES | n.a. | Mean or YES in % | SD or NO/YES | n.a. | p value |
| H&Y | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2 | 2.24 | 0.81 | 2 | 1.5e−196″ |
| MDS-UPDRS III | 3.45 | 4.76 | 6 | 34.70 | 17.02 | 9 | 3.1e−150″ |
| MDS-UPDRS II | 1.21 | 2.37 | 6 | 11.69 | 8.32 | 8 | 6.2e−126″ |
| LEDD (g/day) | 0.0035 | 0.037 | 0 | 0.53 | 0.42 | 0 | 7.5e−160″ |
| Gait disorder* | 2% | 546/10 | 0 | 57% | 185/245 | 0 | 6.9e−97″ |
| Repetitive falls* | 1% | 552/4 | 0 | 18% | 351/79 | 0 | 1.1e−25″ |
| MDS-UPDRS IV | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4 | 1.88 | 3.52 | 5 | 1.4e−43″ |
| Dyskinesia/day (hours) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.69 | 2.73 | 1 | 1.2e−21″ |
| OFF time/day (hours) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.53 | 1.44 | 2 | 3.3e−34″ |
| Dystonia/day (hours) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.048 | 0.22 | 2 | 6.8e−12″ |
| Dyskinesia* | 0% | 556/0 | 0 | 13% | 375/55 | 0 | 1.9e−21″ |
| Motor fluctuations* | 0% | 556/0 | 0 | 17% | 357/73 | 0 | 1.1e−28″ |
| Freezing of gait* | 0% | 556/0 | 0 | 23% | 331/99 | 0 | 1.6e−39″ |
| MoCA | 27.03 | 2.55 | 3 | 24.28 | 4.41 | 8 | 4.4e−28″ |
| Sniffin’ stick test | 12.86 | 2.39 | 2 | 8.03 | 3.41 | 13 | 1.6e−94″ |
| PDQ-39 | 10.31 | 13.20 | 16 | 39.69 | 26.31 | 39 | 1.3e−80″ |
| SCOPA-AUT | 7.34 | 5.81 | 16 | 14.82 | 8.02 | 21 | 6.9e−53″ |
| MDS-UPDRS I | 4.58 | 4.42 | 9 | 10.47 | 7.04 | 10 | 9.0e−51″ |
| BDI-I | 5.29 | 5.03 | 15 | 9.97 | 7.11 | 23 | 2.3e−30″ |
| Starkstein Apathy Scale | 9.41 | 4.71 | 16 | 13.93 | 5.70 | 26 | 8.2e−35″ |
| PDSS | 122.81 | 19.61 | 13 | 105.17 | 23.85 | 28 | 2.3e−34″ |
| Probable RBD* | 8% | 496/42 | 18 | 24% | 305/95 | 30 | 1.2e−11″ |
| Excessive daily sleepiness* | 3% | 541/15 | 0 | 30% | 299/131 | 0 | 2.4e−36″ |
| Insomnia* | 8% | 514/42 | 0 | 24% | 327/103 | 0 | 9.1e−13″ |
| Hallucinations* | 0% | 554/2 | 0 | 17% | 357/73 | 0 | 1.2e−25″ |
| Impulse Control Disorder* | 0% | 555/1 | 0 | 9% | 392/38 | 0 | 1.8e−13″ |
| Orthostatic hypotension* | 6% | 525/31 | 0 | 27% | 312/118 | 0 | 8.2e−22″ |
| Dysphagia* | 1% | 552/4 | 0 | 25% | 323/107 | 0 | 5.6e−37″ |
| Constipation* | 5% | 528/28 | 0 | 42% | 250/180 | 0 | 3.6e−47″ |
| Urinary Incontinence* | 5% | 530/26 | 0 | 32% | 293/137 | 0 | 3.6e−31″ |
Single and double ticks indicate significance at the 5% level and the Bonferroni-adjusted 5 % level respectively.
Clinical symptoms and scales are described in Supplementary Material. The binary variables are annotated by asterisk.
n.a. (not acquired) corresponds to total number of individuals with missing value, SD Standard deviation.