Table 2.
Behavioural and cognitive outcomes in toddlers.
| Characteristic | Whole sample (n = 311) | High EPDS (n = 35) | Low EPDS (n = 276) |
|---|---|---|---|
| IMD 18 months, median (range) | 25.26 (1.55–61.37); n = 292 | 25.05 (5.06–53.18); n = 33 | 25.26 (1.55–61.37); n = 259 |
| quintile, N (%) | |||
| 1 (least deprived) | 28 (9.6%) | 2 (6.1%) | 26 (10.0%) |
| 2 | 32 (11.0%) | 3 (9.1%) | 29 (11.2%) |
| 3 | 52 (17.8%) | 4 (12.1%) | 48 (18.5%) |
| 4 | 110 (37.7%) | 15 (45.5%) | 95 (36.7%) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 70 (24.0%) | 9 (27.3%) | 61 (23.6%) |
| Corrected age, months, median (range) | 18 (17–24) | 18 (17–24) | 18 (17–24) |
| CBCL total T-score, median (range) | 46 (28–69) | 52 (37–66) | 46 (28–69) |
| N (%), Normal (≤64) | 301 (96.8%) | 32 (91.4%) | 269 (97.5%) |
| Borderline | 10 (3.2%) | 3 (8.6%) | 7 (2.5%) |
| Clinical (≥70) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| CBCL Int. T-score, median (range) | 43 (29–72) | 49 (29–70) | 43 (29–72) |
| CBCL Ext. T-score, median (range) | 48 (28–70) | 54 (28–65) | 47 (28–70) |
| Q-CHAT Total, median (range) | 29 (8–59) | 32 (20–52) | 28 (8–59) |
| N (%), Normal | 272 (87.5%) | 27 (77.1%) | 245 (88.8%) |
| High (≥39) | 39 (12.5%) | 8 (22.9%) | 31 (11.2%) |
| BSID-III Cog. Comp., median (range) | 100 (70–125) | 100 (70–120) | 100 (70–125) |
| N (%), Normal (>85) | 291 (93.6%) | 32 (91.4%) | 259 (93.8%) |
| Mild | 20 (6.4%) | 3 (8.6%) | 17 (6.2%) |
| Mod/severe (<70) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Home environment, median (range) | 21 (7–28); n = 305 | 20 (12–28) | 21 (7–28); n = 270 |
| Dysfunctional parenting, median (range) | 2.90 (1.43–4.20); n = 308 | 3.20 (2.37–4) | 2.83 (1.43–4.20); n = 273 |
EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, IMD index of multiple deprivation, CBCL Childhood Behaviour Checklist, Q-CHAT Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Int internalising, Ext externalising, BSID-III Cog Comp Bayley’s cognitive composite score. Home environment = score on the Stimulating Parenting Scale, Dysfunctional parenting = score on the Parenting Scale.
No missing values unless otherwise indicated in the table. The cut-offs used to indicate high scores on the CBCL, Q-CHAT, and BSID-III as are per [69–71, 113] and are used for descriptive purposes only.