Fig. 2. DPF3a promoted cell migration in vitro and in vivo.

a The migration and invasion ability of primary ccRCC cells with or without DPF3 knockdown was measured using the Transwell assay. Cells were seeded on top of the membrane and fixed and stained with crystal violet after 24 h incubation. Cell numbers on the bottom of the membrane were quantified and statistical significance was estimated using a two-sided student t-test. Data were presented as mean values ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bar, 200 μm. b The migration and invasion ability of 786-O cells with or without DPF3a/b overexpression was measured using Transwell assay. Cells were seeded on top of the membrane and fixed and stained with crystal violet after 24 h incubation. Cell numbers on the bottom of the membrane were quantified and statistical significance was estimated using a two-sided student t-test. Data were presented as mean values ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bar, 200 μm. c The metastatic ability of 786-O cells with and without DPF3a overexpression was measured using a mouse metastasis model. Tumor cells expressing luciferase were visualized with d-Luciferin as substrate using an in vivo imaging system. Total luminescence intensity was quantified and statistical significance was estimated using a two-sided student t-test. Data were presented as mean values ± SD (n = 4 animals). d The images of the liver and spleen were dissected from mice with metastasis. e Representative images of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining of metastatic lesions in livers (n = 4 animals). Scale bar, 200 μm. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.