Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of all subjects.
| Total (N = 4150) | Control (N = 1231) | Sarcopenic (N = 1379) | Obese (N = 203) | Sarcopenic obese (N = 1337) | p-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or row percent | Standard error | Mean or row percent | Standard error | Mean or row percent | Standard error | Mean or row percent | Standard error | Mean or row percent | Standard error | ||
| Age (year) | 62.41 | 0.25 | 62.79 | 0.49 | 62.20 | 0.41 | 60.20 | 1.04 | 62.60 | 0.36 | 0.098 |
| Age at menopause (year) | 48.40 | 0.12 | 47.80 | 0.25 | 48.54 | 0.21 | 47.93 | 0.63 | 48.84 | 0.21 | 0.012 |
| Age at menarche (year) | 13.96 | 0.28 | 14.69 | 0.51 | 13.78 | 0.51 | 12.53 | 0.97 | 13.71 | 0.38 | 0.152 |
| Height (cm) | 153.47 | 0.14 | 153.92 | 0.30 | 153.38 | 0.23 | 154.17 | 0.63 | 153.05 | 0.20 | 0.066 |
| Weight (kg) | 57.15 | 0.18 | 51.40 | 0.28 | 53.91 | 0.20 | 62.98 | 0.59 | 64.91 | 0.25 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.23 | 0.07 | 21.64 | 0.08 | 22.88 | 0.05 | 26.45 | 0.12 | 27.67 | 0.09 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82.33 | 0.22 | 75.75 | 0.27 | 79.46 | 0.25 | 87.33 | 0.69 | 90.54 | 0.33 | < 0.001 |
| ASM index (%) | 24.65 | 0.08 | 27.64 | 0.08 | 23.60 | 0.06 | 26.65 | 0.07 | 22.77 | 0.07 | < 0.001 |
| Past history | |||||||||||
| Hypertension | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| No | 60.10 | 1.11 | 73.25 | 1.93 | 61.23 | 1.90 | 64.79 | 5.04 | 46.53 | 2.01 | |
| Yes | 39.90 | 1.11 | 26.75 | 1.93 | 38.77 | 1.90 | 35.21 | 5.04 | 53.47 | 2.01 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.001 | ||||||||||
| No | 87.30 | 0.73 | 90.63 | 1.06 | 88.03 | 1.17 | 84.96 | 3.53 | 83.92 | 1.28 | |
| Yes | 12.70 | 0.73 | 9.37 | 1.06 | 11.97 | 1.17 | 15.04 | 3.53 | 16.08 | 1.28 | |
| Osteoporosis | 0.927 | ||||||||||
| No | 81.40 | 0.86 | 80.59 | 1.56 | 81.58 | 1.41 | 82.59 | 3.34 | 81.76 | 1.61 | |
| Yes | 18.60 | 0.86 | 19.41 | 1.56 | 18.42 | 1.41 | 17.41 | 3.34 | 18.24 | 1.61 | |
| Drinking | |||||||||||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.855 | ||||||||||
| No | 31.65 | 1.12 | 32.90 | 1.90 | 30.79 | 1.73 | 31.15 | 4.22 | 31.50 | 1.86 | |
| Yes | 68.35 | 1.12 | 67.10 | 1.90 | 69.21 | 1.73 | 68.85 | 4.22 | 68.50 | 1.86 | |
| Amount of alcohol/time | 0.227 | ||||||||||
| Mild to moderate | 67.04 | 1.57 | 67.01 | 2.98 | 69.55 | 2.46 | 73.26 | 4.90 | 63.27 | 2.82 | |
| Heavy (> 30 g/day) | 32.96 | 1.57 | 32.99 | 2.98 | 30.45 | 2.46 | 26.74 | 4.90 | 36.73 | 2.82 | |
| Smoking | |||||||||||
| Smoking | 0.268 | ||||||||||
| Never smoked | 90.44 | 0.74 | 88.95 | 1.23 | 89.93 | 1.29 | 91.35 | 3.15 | 92.17 | 1.06 | |
| Current/past smoker | 9.56 | 0.74 | 11.05 | 1.23 | 10.07 | 1.29 | 8.65 | 3.15 | 7.83 | 1.06 | |
| Current status of smoking | 0.171 | ||||||||||
| Past smoker | 46.06 | 3.99 | 38.66 | 5.63 | 43.65 | 6.66 | 53.23 | 14.51 | 57.38 | 7.22 | |
| Current smoker | 53.94 | 3.99 | 61.34 | 5.63 | 56.35 | 6.66 | 46.77 | 14.51 | 42.62 | 7.22 | |
| Exercise | |||||||||||
| Regular exercise | 0.004 | ||||||||||
| No | 87.50 | 0.82 | 86.61 | 1.47 | 90.67 | 1.08 | 81.87 | 3.44 | 85.79 | 1.34 | |
| Yes | 12.50 | 0.82 | 13.39 | 1.47 | 9.33 | 1.08 | 18.13 | 3.44 | 14.21 | 1.34 | |
| Muscle-strengthening exercise | 0.187 | ||||||||||
| No | 85.41 | 0.84 | 82.99 | 1.59 | 85.82 | 1.32 | 85.71 | 3.07 | 87.09 | 1.37 | |
| Yes | 14.59 | 0.84 | 17.01 | 1.59 | 14.18 | 1.32 | 14.29 | 3.07 | 12.91 | 1.37 | |
| HRT | |||||||||||
| History of HRT use (%) | 0.760 | ||||||||||
| No | 84.23 | 0.82 | 83.57 | 1.59 | 83.83 | 1.25 | 83.21 | 3.41 | 85.39 | 1.35 | |
| Yes | 15.77 | 0.82 | 16.43 | 1.59 | 16.17 | 1.25 | 16.79 | 3.41 | 14.61 | 1.35 | |
| Duration of HRT use (%) | 0.516 | ||||||||||
| < 1 year | 37.97 | 2.45 | 33.20 | 4.92 | 41.85 | 3.87 | 30.39 | 11.52 | 39.51 | 4.67 | |
| ≥ 1 year | 62.03 | 2.45 | 66.80 | 4.92 | 58.15 | 3.87 | 69.61 | 11.52 | 60.49 | 4.67 | |
| Duration of HRT use (month) | 31.68 | 1.97 | 35.05 | 4.36 | 28.10 | 2.59 | 24.55 | 3.93 | 33.63 | 3.81 | 0.381 |
Sarcopenic: ASM index < 25.6%; Obese: BMI ≥ 25.
Continuous variables were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and categorical variables were analyzed by Rao-Scott Chi-square test.
BMI body mass index, ASM appendicular skeletal muscle mass, Wt body weight, HRT hormone replacement therapy.