Table 1.
Morphological comparison of palmate palms in extant Calamoideae and Coryphoideae.
| Subfamily | Tribe | Genus | Species | Blade |
Segments |
Petiole | Modern distribution | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shape | Costa | Segments divided | Numbers | Shape | |||||||
| Calamoideae | Lepidocaryeae | Lepidocaryum Mart. | 1 | fan-shaped or orbicular | reduplicate | palmate | South America | ||||
| Mauritia L.f. | 2 | orbicular | reduplicate | costapalmate | unarmed | South America | |||||
| Mauritiella Burret | 4 | orbicular | reduplicate | costapalmate | deeply divided, more than 2/3 | unarmed | South America | ||||
| Coryphoideae | Sabaleae | Sabal Adans. | 15 | fan-shaped | induplicate | shortly to prominently costapalmate | unarmed | Central and North America | |||
| Corypheae | Corypha L. | 5 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 1/2 | armed | South and Southeast Asia, Malesia to Australia | |||
| Chuniophoeniceae | Chuniophoenix Burret | 3 | induplicate | palmate | unarmed | East and Southeast Asia | |||||
| Chuniophoenixhainanensis Burret | fan-shaped | no costa | deeply divided | 36-45 segments | linear, 50 × 1.8–2.5 cm | unarmed | |||||
| Chuniophoenix humilis C.Z.Tang & T.L.Wu | fan-shaped | almost completely divided | 4-7 segments | broad and hooded, 25–35 × 3–7 cm | |||||||
| Chuniophoenix nana Burret | almost completely divided | ||||||||||
| Kerriodoxa J.Dransf. | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate | ca. 1/4 to 1/3 | unarmed | Southeast Asia | ||||
| Kerriodoxa elegans J.Dransf. | unrecognizable costa | unarmed and slender | |||||||||
| Nannorrhops H.Wendl. | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | briefly costapalmate | unarmed | West Asia | |||||
| Tahina J.Dransf. & Rakotoarin. | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca.1/2 | unarmed | Madagascar, Africa | ||||
| Tahina spectabilis J.Dransf. & Rakotoarin. | ca.1/2 | 110-122 segments | |||||||||
| Trachycarpeae | Johannesteijsmannia H.E.Moore | 4 | diamond-shaped | – | strongly costapalmate | armed | Southeast Asia | ||||
| Lanonia A.J. Hend. & C.D. Bacon | 8 | – | palmate | almost completely divided | East and Southeast Asia | ||||||
| Licuala Wurmb | 148 | fan-shaped | – | palmate | almost completely divided | armed or unarmed | Southeast Asia to the western Pacific and Australia | ||||
| Livistona R.Br. | 28 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate or costapalmate | armed | Africa and Asia | |||||
| Pholidocarpus Blume | 6 | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 2/3 or 1/2 | armed | Southeast Asia | |||||
| Saribus Blume | 9 | fan-shaped/orbicular | – | – | armed | Southeast Asia and Oceania | |||||
| Chamaerops L. | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate | ca. 1/2 to 2/3 | armed | Mediterranean | ||||
| Guihaia J.Dransf., S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei | 2 | orbicular or cuneate | induplicate | palmate | ca. 3/4 to 4/5 | unarmed | East and Southeast Asia | ||||
| Maxburretia Furtado | 3 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate | ca. 2/3 | unarmed | Southeast Asia | ||||
| Rhapidophyllum H.Wendl. & Drude | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | very shortly costapalmate | deeply divided, more than 2/3 | North America | |||||
| Rhapis L.f. ex Aiton | 11 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate | ca. 3/4 | unarmed | East and Southeast Asia | ||||
| Trachycarpus H.Wendl. | 9 | fan-shaped to almost circular | induplicate | palmate | ca.1/2 | armed or unarmed | South, East and Southeast Asia | ||||
| Acoelorrhaphe H.Wendl. | 1 | blade nearly orbicular | induplicate | very briefly costapalmate | armed | Central America | |||||
| Brahea Mart. | 11 | blade nearly orbicular | induplicate | shortly costapalmate | armed or unarmed | Central America | |||||
| Colpothrinax Schaedtler | 3 | fan-shaped or orbicular | induplicate | shortly costapalmate | unarmed | Central America | |||||
| Copernicia Mart. ex Endl. | 11 | wedge-shaped or orbicular | induplicate | palmate to shortly costapalmate | ca. 1/4 to 1/3 | armed | Central America | ||||
| Pritchardia Seem. & H.Wendl. | 28 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 1/3 to 1/2 | unarmed | western Pacific islands | ||||
| Serenoa Hook.f. | 1 | nearly orbicular | induplicate | palmate | armed | North America | |||||
| Washingtonia H.Wendl. | 2 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 1/3 | armed | North America | ||||
| Cryosophileae | Chelyocarpus Dammer | 4 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate, or shortly costapalmate | unarmed | South America | ||||
| Chelyocarpus chuco (Mart.) H.E.Moore | crown | ca. 1/4 to 3/4 | 15-24 segments | lanceolate | |||||||
| Chelyocarpus dianeurus (Burret) H.E.Moore | almost completely divided | ||||||||||
| Chelyocarpus repens F.Kahn & K.Mejia | almost completely divided | ||||||||||
| Chelyocarpus ulei Dammer | blade divided almost to the base into two large halves | ||||||||||
| Coccothrinax Sarg. | 53 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate | some species almost completely divided | unarmed or partly armed | Americas in low latitudes | ||||
| Cryosophila Blume | 10 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate | more than 2/3 | unarmed | Central America and northern South America | ||||
| Hemithrinax Hook.f. | 3 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate | ca. 1/2 to 2/3 | Central America | |||||
| Itaya H.E.Moore | 1 | fan-shaped or orbicular | induplicate | palmate | ca. 3/4 | unarmed | South America | ||||
| Leucothrinax C.Lewis & Zona | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate | ca. 1/2 | Central America | |||||
| Leucothrinax morrisii (H.Wendl.) C.Lewis & Zona | lanceolate | ||||||||||
| Sabinaria R. Bernal & Galeano | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate | South America | ||||||
| Sabinaria magnifica Galeano & R. Bernal | divided almost to the base into two large halves | ca. 1/10 | 36-42 single-fold segments | ||||||||
| Schippia Burret | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate to very shortly costapalmate | more than 2/3 | unarmed | Central America | ||||
| Thrinax L.f. ex Sw. | 3 | fan-shaped | induplicate | palmate, unrecognizable costa | lanceolate | unarmed | Central America | ||||
| Trithrinax Mart. | 4 | fan-shaped to nearly circular | induplicate | not or only slightly costapalmate | ca. 1/2 | South America | |||||
| Zombia L.H.Bailey | 1 | induplicate | palmate | ca. 1/2 to 2/3 | unarmed | Central America | |||||
| Borasseae | Bismarckia Hildebr. & H.Wendl. | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 1/4 to 1/3 | unarmed | Madagascar, Africa | |||
| Bismarckia nobilis Hildebr. & H.Wendl. | strong costapalmate, costa 43 cm | 50-77 segments | |||||||||
| Hyphaene Gaertn. | 8 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 1/3 | armed | Africa, South and West Asia | ||||
| Medemia Wurttenb. ex H.Wendl. | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 2/3 | armed | North Africa | ||||
| Satranala J.Dransf. & Beentje | 1 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 1/4 to 1/3 | Madagascar, Africa | |||||
| Satranala decussilvae Beentje & J.Dransf. | strong costapalmate, costa to 33 cm | 54-57 segments | |||||||||
| Borassodendron Becc. | 2 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 1/4 to 2/3 | unarmed | Southeast Asia | ||||
| Borassus L. | 5 | fan-shaped | induplicate | strongly costapalmate | ca. 1/2 | armed | Asia and Africa | ||||
| Latania A.J. Hend. & C.D. Bacon | 3 | fan-shaped | induplicate | costapalmate | ca. 1/3 to 1/2 | lanceolate | margin smooth or with a few shallow teeth | Africa islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar | |||
| Lodoicea Comm. ex DC. | 1 | induplicate | strong costapalmate | ca. 1/4 to 1/3 | Africa islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar | ||||||
Morphological comparison between fossils and extant palmate palms are at genus or species level depending on their similarity of leaves. Numbers represent the total amount of species used for comparison.