FIGURE 3.

Mechanisms of remodeling host metabolism by SARS‐CoV‐2. (A) Organization of SARS‐CoV‐2 genome. SARS‐CoV‐2 genome encodes nonstructural proteins (Nsps), structural proteins, and accessory proteins. Structural proteins include Spike protein (S), Envelope protein (E), Membrane protein (M), and Nucleocapsid protein (N). (B) SARS‐CoV‐2 reshapes NAD⁺ metabolism to suppress antiviral response. SARS‐CoV‐2 protein Nsp3 counteracts with PARP to suppress ADPR modification and antiviral responses. Unknown viral factor(s) suppresses de novo NAD⁺ biosynthesis, which also inhibits PARP‐induced ADP‐ribosylation (ADPR) modification of substrate protein.