Figure 1.

(Color online) Flow chart for establishment of the chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat model. For 1–2 weeks, CKD rats were administered 2% adenine suspension by gavage daily at a dose of 200 mg/kg. In 3–4 weeks, all model rats were administered adenine suspension on alternate days. After 4 weeks, each administration group was administered lanthanum hydroxide (LH, 0.1 g/kg, 0.2 g/kg, or 0.4 g/kg), lanthanum carbonate (LC, 0.3 g/kg), or calcium carbonic acid (CC, 0.42 g/kg) by intragastric administration for 8 weeks.