Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of the military men.

	Total population (N = 2,019)	Without LVDD (N = 1,935)	With LVDD (N = 84)	p -value
Age, years	27.53 ± 5.93	27.38 ± 5.86	31.78 ± 6.27	<0.001
Smoking, active (%)	892 (44.18)	850 (43.7)	39 (57.4)	0.02
Alcohol intake, active (%)	854 (42.30)	815 (41.9)	35 (51.5)	0.11
3,000-m running time, seconds	873.15 ± 93.58	871.39 ± 91.20	922.19 ± 139.44	<0.001
Body mass index, kg/m2	24.88 ± 3.72	24.74 ± 3.60	28.57 ± 4.86	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	83.56 ± 9.63	83.21 ± 9.39	93.35 ± 10.88	<0.001
Pulse rate, beats per minute	67.24 ± 11.10	66.98 ± 10.92	74.04 ± 12.78	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	118.60 ± 13.14	118.23 ± 12.63	128.84 ± 21.33	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	70.12 ± 10.28	69.78 ± 9.78	79.47 ± 17.18	<0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	174.22 ± 34.09	173.84 ± 33.67	186.40 ± 43.75	0.003
High-density lipoprotein, mg/dL	49.36 ± 10.44	49.50 ± 10.44	46.09 ± 9.87	0.008
Serum triglycerides, mg/dL	108.29 ± 82.20	106.79 ± 80.32	149.85 ± 117.23	<0.001
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL	93.58 ± 11.61	93.34 ± 9.83	100.29 ± 34.70	<0.001
Serum uric acid, mg/dL	6.74 ± 1.35	6.72 ± 1.34	7.38 ± 1.42	<0.001
Metabolic syndrome (%)	255 (12.63)	223 (11.5)	24 (35.3)	<0.001
LVM, gram	148.34 ± 32.01	147.00 ± 29.95	178.79 ± 39.35	<0.001
LV diastolic parameters
E velocity, cm/s	86.50 ± 24.30	86.82 ± 14.68	76.60 ± 106.63	0.001
A velocity, cm/s	50.33 ± 15.38	49.72 ± 10.22	67.39 ± 61.40	<0.001
e′ velocity, cm/s	17.57 ± 8.39	17.85 ± 8.37	9.30 ± 2.64	<0.001
a′ velocity, cm/s	8.78 ± 3.64	8.75 ± 3.64	9.55 ± 3.15	0.08
LVDD
E/A <0.8	16 (0.79)	0 (0.0)	16 (19.0)	<0.001
e′ <10 cm/s	64 (3.17)	0 (0.0)	64 (76.2)	<0.001
E/e′>14	4 (0.20)	0 (0.0)	4 (4.8)	<0.001

ECG, electrocardiography; LV, left ventricle; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; LVM, left ventricular mass.

LVDD was defined as either one of the three echocardiographic criteria fulfilled: (1) the mitral inflow E/A ratio <0.8; (2) tissue Doppler at the lateral mitral annulus e′ velocity <10 cm/s; and (3) the E/e′ ratio >14.