Table 4.
Results of the studies that compared the performance of children with ASD in tests assessing word and nonword reading.
| References |
Participants N (female) |
Age M (SD) |
Reading test |
Language of the study |
Dependent variable |
Word reading |
Nonword decoding |
Comparison word vs. nonword |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Davidson (2016) | 21 (3) | – | Word Identification—WRMT-III Word Attack—WRMT-III |
English | Word reading Nonword decoding |
102.90 (12.57) | 95.14 (13.91) | Not tested |
| Davidson et al. (2018) | 19 (4) | 11.21 (1.48) | Word Identification—WRMT-III Word Attack—WRMT-III |
English | Word reading Nonword decoding |
98.42 (13.26) | 89.47 (11.97) | Not tested |
| Gabig (2010) | 14 (2) | 6.5 (0.72) | Word Identification—WRMT-R-NU Word Attack—WRMT-R-NU |
English | Word reading Nonword decoding |
115 (10.3) | 104 (11.2) | ASD: Words > Nonwords TD: NS |
| Henderson et al. (2014) | 49 | – | BAS-II GNWRT |
English | Word reading Nonword decoding |
69.56 (12.58)/90 | 14.92 (6.92)/25 | Not tested |
| Jones (2007) | 27 | – | Word Identification—WRMT-III Word Attack—WRMT-III |
English | Word reading Nonword decoding |
100.17 (15.54) | 96.41 (24.08) | Not tested |
| Lucas and Norbury (2014a) | ALN: 25 (3) ALI: 12 (4) |
11.21 (1.9) 11.77 (1.38) |
sight word efficiency—TOWRE phonemic decoding efficiency—TOWRE |
English | Word recognition Nonword decoding |
ALN: 104.69 (12.63) ALI: 91.83 (8.09) |
ALN: 109.02 (12.10) ALI: 94.89 (12.03) |
Not tested |
| Lucas and Norbury (2014b) | 20 (5) | 10.57 (1.37) | sight word efficiency—TOWRE phonemic decoding efficiency—TOWRE |
English | Word recognition Nonword decoding |
95.48 (13.11) | 101.13 (16.94) | Not tested |
| Cardoso-Martins et al. (2015) | 19 (3) | 11.5 (3.9) | Word reading—TDE Nonword reading |
Portuguese | Word reading Nonword decoding |
46.5 (20.43)/70 | 11.89 (5.71)/20 | Not tested; ASD > phonological errors in reading |
| McIntyre et al. (2017a) | 81 (15) | 11.24 (2.19) | Sight word efficiency—TOWRE Phonemic decoding efficiency—TOWRE |
English | Word recognition Nonword decoding |
93.29 (14.75) | 94.89 (14.81) | Not tested |
| Nation et al. (2006) | 32 | – | BAS-II GNWRT |
English | Word reading Nonword decoding |
96.56 (23.37) | 90.83 (17.87) | Not tested; 64 % of children was 1 SD below norms on nonword reading |
| Weissinger (2013) | 10 (2) | – | Sight word efficiency—TOWRE Word Identification—WRMT-R-NU Word Attack—WRMT-R-NU |
English | Word recognition Word reading Nonword decoding |
92.00 (11.039) 101.40 (15.63) |
111.3 (20.7) | Not tested |
| Solari et al. (2019) | 80 (15) | 11.26 (2.15) | Sight word efficiency—TOWRE Phonemic decoding efficiency—TOWRE |
English | Word recognition Nonword decoding |
94.87 (14.91) | 93.66 (14.47) | Not tested |
ASD, children with autism spectrum disorder; TD, children with typical development; ALN, ASD children with age-appropriate structural language skills; ALI, ASD children with language impairments; WRMT-III, Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Third Edition; WRMT-R-NU, Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Revised-Normative Update; TOWRE, Test of Word Reading Efficiency; GNWRT, Graded Nonword Reading Test; BAS-II, British Ability Scales; TDE, Teste de Desempenho Escolar (Test of School Performance).