Table 2.
Biological activities of anthocyanins and their health effects.
| Cell culture, in vivo or clinical study | Biological activity | Health benefits | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cell Studies | Serviceable against insulin resistance and diabetes | Anti-diabetic effects | (190) |
| Oral capsule | Improvement of vision in patients with open-angle glaucoma | Beneficial for eye health | (191) |
| Primary intravenous in rats | Protective effect during retinal inflammation | Eye health | (192) |
| Bioassay-directed fractionation | Suppressed cell proliferation, inflammation, and angiogenesis and induced apoptosis in esophageal tissue of rats | Anticancer effects | (193) |
| Male Wistar rats were fed the anthocyanin-rich (ACN-rich) or the anthocyanin-free (ACN-free) diet | Decreased susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarct size with increased myocardial antioxidant enzyme | Beneficial against Cardiovascular diseases | (194) |
| Anthocyanins was added to the animals' water bottles every day | Promoted apoptosis in benign prostatic hyperplasia rats | Anticancer effects | (195) |
| Oral squamous cell | Decreases NF-kB1 and PTGS2 activity | Anticancer effects | (196–198) |
| Carcinoma patients | Increases AURKA, BIRC5, and EGF activity | Anticancer effects | (198) |
| MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells | Increases Caspase-3 cleavage activity | Anticancer effects | (199) |
| Esophageal squamous cancer cell in rats | Decreases COX-2 and iNOS activation of ERK AKT expression | Anticancer effects | (198–200) |
| Microbial strains | Highest sensitivity to Aeromonas hydrophila and Listeria innocua | Antimicrobial effects | (201) |
| Oral capsule | Improvement of dyslipidemia, enhancement of antioxidant capacity, and prevention of insulin resistance in human with type 2 diabete | Antidiabetic effects | (202) |
| Oral solution | Amelioration of renal apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy mice | Antidiabetic effects | (203) |
| Fat diet-induced mouse model | Suppression of body weight gain and improve blood lipid profile in rats | Antiobesity effects | (204) |
| In vitro simulated gastroduodenal digestion | Increasing glucose absorption, decreasing glucose diffusion rate and promoting glucose transport across the cell membrane | Antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypolipemic effects | (205) |
| Cell Study | Modulatory effect on the composition and abundance of human intestinal microbiota. | Prebiotic activity | (206) |
| Cell study | Enhance the high glucose plus palmitic acid induced ROS | Antimicrobial effects | (207) |
| Cell study | α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and ROS scavenging activities o | Antioxidant activity | (208) |
| Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was measured | Falicitate unique structural features like 4'-glycosylation and unsusual substitution pattern of sugar moities | Antioxidant activity | (44, 209) |
| HPLC, DPPH (radical-scavenging activity), ORAC methods | Preventing the growth of tumors | Antiproliferative effects | (58, 210, 211) |
| HPLC | Increase in total flavonoids, total phenolic content, total anthocyanins, protein, and calories | Antioxidant activity | (18) |