Table 2.
Factors by year and USDA food insecurity group.
| 2019 | 2020 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Very Low FS, N = 848a | Low FS, N = 618a | High or Marginal FS, N = 1,149a | p -value b | Very Low FS, N = 1,174a | Low FS, N = 1,107a | High or Marginal FS, N = 2,737a | p -value b |
| Enrollment | 0.5 | 0.8 | ||||||
| Full-time | 727 (86%) | 537 (87%) | 974 (85%) | 976 (83%) | 932 (84%) | 2,290 (84%) | ||
| Part-time | 119 (14%) | 81 (13%) | 175 (15%) | 198 (17%) | 175 (16%) | 447 (16%) | ||
| Employed? | 0.4 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Full-time | 536 (63%) | 384 (62%) | 695 (60%) | 264 (22%) | 215 (19%) | 462 (17%) | ||
| Part-time | 312 (37%) | 234 (38%) | 454 (40%) | 443 (38%) | 450 (41%) | 1,068 (39%) | ||
| No | 467 (40%) | 442 (40%) | 1,207 (44%) | |||||
| Consistently working? | <0.001 | 0.2 | ||||||
| On campus | 170 (32%) | 172 (45%) | 298 (43%) | 102 (14%) | 118 (18%) | 259 (17%) | ||
| Off campus | 365 (68%) | 212 (55%) | 395 (57%) | 605 (86%) | 547 (82%) | 1,271 (83%) | ||
| H per week | 0.3 | 0.001 | ||||||
| 19 h or more | 243 (45%) | 183 (48%) | 347 (50%) | 273 (39%) | 316 (48%) | 713 (47%) | ||
| Less than 19 h | 293 (55%) | 200 (52%) | 347 (50%) | 434 (61%) | 349 (52%) | 817 (53%) | ||
| Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <18 | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 4 (0.3%) | 5 (0.4%) | 9 (0.8%) | 15 (0.5%) | ||
| 19–24 | 548 (65%) | 431 (70%) | 843 (73%) | 730 (62%) | 757 (69%) | 1,946 (71%) | ||
| 25–34 | 194 (23%) | 132 (21%) | 189 (16%) | 295 (25%) | 258 (23%) | 510 (19%) | ||
| 35–44 | 71 (8.4%) | 38 (6.2%) | 79 (6.9%) | 99 (8.4%) | 54 (4.9%) | 164 (6.0%) | ||
| 45–64 | 35 (4.1%) | 15 (2.4%) | 32 (2.8%) | 43 (3.7%) | 24 (2.2%) | 98 (3.6%) | ||
| >65 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (<0.1%) | 2 (<0.1%) | ||
| Family income | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| < $50,000 | 782 (93%) | 526 (86%) | 809 (71%) | 993 (85%) | 890 (80%) | 1,711 (63%) | ||
| >= $50,000 | 62 (7.3%) | 88 (14%) | 328 (29%) | 181 (15%) | 217 (20%) | 1,026 (37%) | ||
| Academic level | 0.4 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Freshman | 105 (12%) | 93 (15%) | 170 (15%) | 120 (10%) | 142 (13%) | 421 (15%) | ||
| Sophomore | 121 (14%) | 101 (16%) | 159 (14%) | 147 (13%) | 163 (15%) | 403 (15%) | ||
| Junior | 240 (28%) | 147 (24%) | 282 (25%) | 327 (28%) | 295 (27%) | 607 (22%) | ||
| Senior | 239 (28%) | 183 (30%) | 333 (29%) | 439 (37%) | 339 (31%) | 814 (30%) | ||
| Masters | 102 (12%) | 67 (11%) | 148 (13%) | 98 (8.3%) | 105 (9.5%) | 339 (12%) | ||
| Doctoral | 41 (4.8%) | 25 (4.0%) | 54 (4.7%) | 41 (3.5%) | 57 (5.1%) | 143 (5.2%) | ||
| Professional | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 3 (0.3%) | 2 (0.2%) | 6 (0.5%) | 10 (0.4%) | ||
| Commute mode | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Missing | 29 (3.4%) | 20 (3.3%) | 46 (4.0%) | 64 (5.5%) | 44 (4.0%) | 187 (6.8%) | ||
| Car (alone) | 502 (59%) | 363 (59%) | 756 (66%) | 764 (65%) | 719 (65%) | 1,794 (66%) | ||
| Carpool | 83 (9.8%) | 59 (9.6%) | 115 (10%) | 121 (10%) | 129 (12%) | 321 (12%) | ||
| Bus/public | 42 (5.0%) | 33 (5.4%) | 58 (5.1%) | 52 (4.4%) | 53 (4.8%) | 100 (3.7%) | ||
| Bike | 103 (12%) | 80 (13%) | 102 (8.9%) | 90 (7.7%) | 100 (9.0%) | 189 (6.9%) | ||
| Trolley | 11 (1.3%) | 10 (1.6%) | 6 (0.5%) | 12 (1.0%) | 6 (0.5%) | 11 (0.4%) | ||
| Walk | 62 (7.3%) | 39 (6.4%) | 36 (3.1%) | 49 (4.2%) | 37 (3.3%) | 56 (2.0%) | ||
| Other | 13 (1.5%) | 10 (1.6%) | 25 (2.2%) | 21 (1.8%) | 19 (1.7%) | 78 (2.8%) | ||
| Reliability of transportation | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Not reliable | 13 (1.5%) | 3 (0.5%) | 3 (0.3%) | 40 (3.4%) | 25 (2.3%) | 47 (1.7%) | ||
| Somewhat reliable | 133 (16%) | 46 (7.5%) | 39 (3.4%) | 192 (16%) | 113 (10%) | 134 (4.9%) | ||
| Fairly reliable | 320 (38%) | 212 (35%) | 283 (25%) | 451 (38%) | 464 (42%) | 750 (27%) | ||
| Very reliable | 380 (45%) | 352 (57%) | 819 (72%) | 491 (42%) | 505 (46%) | 1,806 (66%) | ||
| Live alone? | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 134 (16%) | 60 (9.7%) | 73 (6.4%) | 164 (14%) | 104 (9.4%) | 154 (5.6%) | ||
| No | 714 (84%) | 556 (90%) | 1,076 (94%) | 1,010 (86%) | 1,003 (91%) | 2,583 (94%) | ||
| Dependents? | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 169 (24%) | 116 (21%) | 175 (16%) | 281 (28%) | 203 (20%) | 409 (16%) | ||
| No | 545 (76%) | 439 (79%) | 901 (84%) | 729 (72%) | 800 (80%) | 2,174 (84%) | ||
| How many? | 0.002 | 0.6 | ||||||
| 1 | 56 (33%) | 49 (42%) | 65 (37%) | 105 (37%) | 88 (43%) | 162 (40%) | ||
| 2–3 | 80 (47%) | 57 (49%) | 100 (57%) | 142 (51%) | 94 (46%) | 207 (51%) | ||
| >4 | 33 (20%) | 10 (8.6%) | 10 (5.7%) | 34 (12%) | 21 (10%) | 40 (9.8%) | ||
| Head of household | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 283 (33%) | 158 (26%) | 176 (15%) | 404 (34%) | 258 (23%) | 464 (17%) | ||
| No | 565 (67%) | 458 (74%) | 970 (85%) | 770 (66%) | 849 (77%) | 2,273 (83%) | ||
| Current living situation | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| On campus | 63 (7.4%) | 39 (6.3%) | 58 (5.1%) | 58 (4.9%) | 26 (2.3%) | 47 (1.7%) | ||
| Off campus with Family | 503 (59%) | 421 (68%) | 908 (79%) | 813 (69%) | 876 (79%) | 2,347 (86%) | ||
| Off campus no family | 267 (32%) | 153 (25%) | 169 (15%) | 290 (25%) | 194 (18%) | 320 (12%) | ||
| Other | 14 (1.7%) | 3 (0.5%) | 11 (1.0%) | 13 (1.1%) | 11 (1.0%) | 23 (0.8%) | ||
| Permanent address | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 698 (82%) | 555 (90%) | 1,078 (94%) | 1,065 (91%) | 1,047 (95%) | 2,654 (97%) | ||
| No | 150 (18%) | 61 (9.9%) | 70 (6.1%) | 109 (9.3%) | 60 (5.4%) | 83 (3.0%) | ||
| Frequency of no address | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Rarely | 65 (45%) | 39 (66%) | 53 (85%) | 45 (41%) | 30 (50%) | 61 (73%) | ||
| Somewhat | 46 (32%) | 15 (25%) | 6 (9.7%) | 49 (45%) | 17 (28%) | 17 (20%) | ||
| Often | 35 (24%) | 5 (8.5%) | 3 (4.8%) | 15 (14%) | 13 (22%) | 5 (6.0%) | ||
| Know of student homelessness | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 336 (40%) | 166 (27%) | 204 (18%) | 417 (36%) | 215 (19%) | 326 (12%) | ||
| No | 511 (60%) | 450 (73%) | 945 (82%) | 757 (64%) | 892 (81%) | 2,411 (88%) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 688 (81%) | 522 (85%) | 949 (83%) | 881 (75%) | 861 (78%) | 2,101 (77%) | ||
| American Indian | 6 (0.7%) | 5 (0.8%) | 8 (0.7%) | 17 (1.4%) | 7 (0.6%) | 14 (0.5%) | ||
| Asian | 17 (2.0%) | 23 (3.7%) | 40 (3.5%) | 22 (1.9%) | 34 (3.1%) | 72 (2.6%) | ||
| Black | 31 (3.7%) | 19 (3.1%) | 23 (2.0%) | 49 (4.2%) | 35 (3.2%) | 47 (1.7%) | ||
| Pacific Islander | 3 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.2%) | 5 (0.4%) | 3 (0.3%) | 9 (0.3%) | ||
| White | 81 (9.6%) | 33 (5.3%) | 112 (9.8%) | 175 (15%) | 151 (14%) | 457 (17%) | ||
| Other | 21 (2.5%) | 13 (2.1%) | 13 (1.1%) | 25 (2.1%) | 16 (1.4%) | 37 (1.4%) | ||
| Gender (pronouns) | 0.7 | 0.016 | ||||||
| He/Him | 265 (31%) | 185 (30%) | 330 (29%) | 347 (30%) | 314 (28%) | 824 (30%) | ||
| She/Her | 568 (67%) | 422 (68%) | 806 (70%) | 775 (66%) | 752 (68%) | 1,849 (68%) | ||
| They/Them | 6 (0.7%) | 4 (0.6%) | 4 (0.3%) | 27 (2.3%) | 18 (1.6%) | 25 (0.9%) | ||
| Other | 8 (0.9%) | 7 (1.1%) | 9 (0.8%) | 9 (0.8%) | 5 (0.5%) | 16 (0.6%) | ||
| Prefer no answer | 16 (1.4%) | 18 (1.6%) | 23 (0.8%) | |||||
| College | 0.025 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Business administration | 88 (10%) | 56 (9.1%) | 132 (11%) | 136 (12%) | 130 (12%) | 293 (11%) | ||
| Education | 59 (7.0%) | 49 (7.9%) | 87 (7.6%) | 100 (8.5%) | 106 (9.6%) | 261 (9.5%) | ||
| Engineering | 113 (13%) | 112 (18%) | 200 (17%) | 156 (13%) | 186 (17%) | 473 (17%) | ||
| Health sciences | 109 (13%) | 83 (13%) | 174 (15%) | 123 (10%) | 127 (11%) | 318 (12%) | ||
| Liberal arts | 266 (31%) | 149 (24%) | 280 (24%) | 361 (31%) | 262 (24%) | 635 (23%) | ||
| Science | 155 (18%) | 116 (19%) | 199 (17%) | 190 (16%) | 173 (16%) | 465 (17%) | ||
| Nursing | 45 (5.3%) | 44 (7.1%) | 61 (5.3%) | 83 (7.1%) | 96 (8.7%) | 244 (8.9%) | ||
| Pharmacy | 6 (0.7%) | 1 (0.2%) | 7 (0.6%) | 8 (0.7%) | 16 (1.4%) | 17 (0.6%) | ||
| Other | 7 (0.8%) | 8 (1.3%) | 9 (0.8%) | 17 (1.4%) | 11 (1.0%) | 31 (1.1%) | ||
an (%).
bFisher's exact test for count data with simulated p-value (based on 2,000 replicates).