Table 1.
Statistically significant metabolites selected by comparison of samples collected from RCC patients and healthy controls with the biochemical pathways from which they originate and the analytical techniques used for their detection.
| Metabolic pathway | Regulation | Metabolites |
|---|---|---|
| Phenylalanine metabolism | ↓ | hippuric acid (LC+, LC-), phenylalanine (GC), phenylacetylglutamine (LC+) |
| Tryptophan metabolism | ↑ | tryptophan (LC-) |
| ↓ | tryptophan (GC), indolelactic acid (LC-), dihydroxyquinoline (LC+), hydroxytryptophan (GC), picolinic acid (GC) | |
| Tyrosine metabolism | ↑ | succinylacetone (LC-) |
| ↓ | tyrosine (LC+) | |
| Histidine metabolism | ↑ | ribosylhistidine (CE+), formiminoglutamic acid (CE+), formylisoglutamine (CE+) |
| ↓ | histidine (CE+), methylhistidine (CE+), hydantoinpropionic acid (CE+) | |
| Lysine metabolism | ↓ | lysine (GC) |
| Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism | ↓ | glycine (CE+), aminopropanol (CE+), sarcosine (CE+), guanidineacetic acid (CE+), creatine (CE+), threonine (GC), diaminopropane (GC) |
| Arginine and proline metabolism | ↑ | creatinine (CE+), symmetric dimethylarginine (CE+) |
| ↓ | creatinine (GC), acetylarginine (GC), argininic acid (CE+) | |
| Alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid metabolism | ↓ | alanine (CE+), glutamic acid (GC), aspartic acid (GC) |
| Pentose phosphate cycle | ↓ | gluconic acid (GC) |
| Pentose and glucuronic acid metabolism | ↓ | pentose (GC) |
| Purine metabolism | ↑ | uric acid (LC-), dimethylguanosine (LC+, LC-, CE+) |
| ↓ | adenosine (GC), methylguanosine (GC), deoxyguanosine (GC), glutamine (GC) | |
| Pyrimidine metabolism | ↑ | uridine (LC-), pseudouridine (LC-), dihydrouridine (CE+), cytidine (CE+), deoxyuridine (CE+), acetylcytidine (LC+) |
| ↓ | deoxycytidine (GC) | |
| Ascorbic acid metabolism | ↓ | glucaric acid (GC) |
| Krebs cycle | ↑ | aconitic acid (CE+) |
| ↓ | citric acid (LC+, LC-, GC), isocitric acid (LC+, LC-), pyruvic acid (LC-), succinic acid (GC), acetamidobutanoic acid (CE+) | |
| Pterin metabolism | ↑ | biopterin (CE+) |
| Glycerophospholipid metabolism | ↓ | acetylcholine (GC) |
| Sphingolipid metabolism | ↑ | sphinganine (LC+), |
| ↓ | sphingosine (GC) | |
| Fatty acid metabolism | ↑ | hydroxysebacic acid (LC-), acetylcarnitine (LC+), hexanoylcarnitine (LC+), octanoylcarnitine (LC+), methylglutarylcarnitine (LC+), |
| ↓ | methylsuberic acid (LC-), capryloylglycine (LC+), acylcarnitine (LC+), ethylmalonic acid (GC), nonadecanoic acid (GC), nicotinuric acid (GC), propionylcarnitine (CE+), aminocaprylic acid (CE+), aminooxohexanoic acid (CE+) | |
| Cholesterol biosynthesis | ↓ | mevalonic acid (GC) |
| Steroid hormones biosynthesis | ↑ | cortolone glucuronide (LC-) |
| ↓ | deoxycortisol (GC) | |
| Collagen metabolism | ↑ | galactosylhydroxylysine (CE+) |
| Butyric acid metabolism | ↓ | hydroxyglutaric acid (GC) |
| Gut microbiota metabolism | ↓ | trimethylamine oxide (CE+), hydroxyhippuric acid (LC-), acetylglycine (GC), formylglycine (GC) |
Table legend: ↓ - downregulation RCC vs. healthy controls, ↑ - upregulation RCC vs. healthy controls.