Table 2.

Statistically significant metabolites selected in the comparison of ccRCC patients and healthy controls, characterized by the biochemical pathways from which they originated and the analytical techniques used for detection.

Metabolic pathway	Regulation	Metabolites
Phenylalanine metabolism	↑	phenylacetylglutamine (LC+, LC-)
	↓	hippuric acid (LC+, LC-, GC)
Tryptophan metabolism	↓	indolelactic acid (LC-)
Ascorbic acid metabolism	↑	threonic acid (GC)
Purine metabolism	↑	methyladenosine (LC+), uric acid (LC-)
Pentose and glucuronic acid metabolism	↑	pentose (GC), arabitol (GC)
Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism	↑	acetylglucosamine (GC)
Galactose metabolism	↑	galactinol (GC)

Table legend: ↓ - downregulated ccRCC vs. healthy controls, ↑ - upregulated ccRCC vs. healthy controls.