Table 1.

Examples covered by the four learning goals.

learning goal	examples
content knowledge	phenotypic variation; heritability of traits; selective pressure; adaptation
procedural knowledge	observing variability within a population; recording changes in a certain trait over time; aligning DNA sequences; formulating hypotheses and designing studies
epistemic knowledge	meaning of considering evolution as a ‘theory’; understanding that scientific knowledge is constantly changing through the addition of new evidence; understanding that science is embedded in society and influenced by cultural norms
knowledge application	understand, be able to discuss and/or make informed decisions about issues such as: the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains and the impact of COVID-19 vaccines; the importance of crop biodiversity for food security; the impact of invasive species