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. 2022 Aug 10;289(1980):20221020. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1020

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© 2022 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 1. — Evolutionary and ecological history of a hypothetical biodiversity assembly in an alpine-like system. (a) Biodiversity in a preglacial phase. (b) Early glacial phase: glacial periods erase freshwater habitats and fragment the terrestrial biome. Some populations survive in refugia and (c) can diverge into distinct species through allopatric speciation. (d) The retreat of glaciers opens up new, unoccupied habitats offering ecological opportunities for colonizers, (e) which undergo adaptive radiation, and niche space is filled up again. (Online version in colour.)