Fig. 7.

The application of 3D bioprinting in mimicking bladder cancer TME. (a) Bioprinted grid structure containing bladder cancer cells to evaluate metastasis. Adapted with permission [105]. Copyright 2019 Public Library of Science; (b) Immune cells and bladder cancer cells co-culture system built with acoustic droplet printing. Adapted with permission [180]. Copyright 2021 Wiley; (c) Bladder cancer-on-a-chip developed with bioprinting and microfluidic technology. Adapted with permission [106]. Copyright 2021 MDPI.