Table 3.
Follow-up glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) data.
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12 weeks | 24 weeks | |||||||||||||
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Enhanced standard care | Discharge order set | P valuea | Enhanced standard care | Discharge order set | P valuea | |||||||||
| HbA1cb | |||||||||||||||
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Number at discharge | n=73 | n=79 | N/Ac | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
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Discharge HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 10.9 (9.8-12) | 10.7 (9.5-11.9) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
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Discharge HbA1c (mmol/mol), median (IQR) | 96 (67-108) | 93 (80-107) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
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Number at follow-up | n=54 | n=54 | N/A | n=45 | n=44 | N/A | ||||||||
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Observed data (%), median (IQR) | 8.9 (8.1-11.3) | 8.7 (7.2-10.1) | N/A | 9.5 (7.8-12.2) | 8.3 (7.5-10) | N/A | ||||||||
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Observed data (mmol/mol), median (IQR) | 74 (65-100) | 72 (55-87) | N/A | 80 (62-110) | 67 (58-86) | N/A | ||||||||
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Change from baseline (%),d mean (SE) | −1.4 (0.3) | −2 (0.3) | N/A | −1.0 (0.3) | −2.1 (0.3) | N/A | ||||||||
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Change from baseline (mmol/mol),d mean (SE) | 15 (3) | 22 (3) | N/A | 11 (3) | 23 (3) | N/A | ||||||||
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Difference in change,d,e mean (SE) | Reference | −0.6 (0.4) | .18 | Reference | −1.1 (0.4) | .01 | ||||||||
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Adjusted difference in change,d,e,f mean (SE) | Reference | −0.5 (0.4) | .20 | Reference | −0.7 (0.4) | .09 | ||||||||
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HbA1c <7% (53 mmol/mol),g n (%) | 2 (3.7) | 7 (13.0) | .16 | 2 (4.4) | 3 (6.8) | .68 | ||||||||
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HbA1c <6.5% (48 mmol/mol),g n (%) | 1 (1.9) | 4 (7.4) | .36 | 0 (0) | 3 (6.8) | .12 | ||||||||
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HbA1c <HEDISh target, n (%) | 9 (16.7) | 22 (40.7) |
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9 (20) | 16 (36.4) |
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HbA1c <HEDIS target,i ORj (95% CI) | Reference | 3.29 (1.32-8.13) | .01 | Reference | 2.1 (0.8-5.55) | .13 | ||||||||
| Point-of-care glucose | |||||||||||||||
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Fasting only | n=27 | n=27 | N/A | n=21 | n=20 | N/A | ||||||||
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Observed data, median (IQR) | 212 (149-258) | 166 (142-239) | N/A | 209 (129.5-234) | 152.5 (127.3-247.3) | N/A | |||||||
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Adjusted difference,e mean (SE) | Reference | −18 (23) | .44 | Reference | −26.5 (30.3) | .39 | |||||||
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Any | n=40 | n=45 | N/A | n=33 | n=33 | N/A | ||||||||
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Observed data, median (IQR) | 209.5 (133.8-258) | 179 (150.5-144.5) | N/A | 209 (136.5-295) | 161 (134-230) | N/A | |||||||
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Adjusted differencek | Reference | −23.9 (20.8) | .25 | Reference | −30.4 (21.9) | .17 | |||||||
aEstimated using a linear mixed model.
bData for follow-up HbA1c levels were collected at study visits and, when possible, extracted from the electronic medical records. All other data were obtained during the study visits. One death occurred at 24 weeks in the DOS group.
cN/A: not applicable.
dChange from baseline in discharge order set; change from baseline in enhanced standard care.
eAdjusted for age, work status, insurance, and functional health literacy scores. Two participants were excluded from the analysis because of missing functional health literacy scores.
fAdjusted for age, neuropathy, total daily insulin dose, insulin before admission, reason for hospitalization, and metformin use at discharge.
gMixed models could not be fit owing to small cell sizes; Fisher Exact Tests were performed instead.
hHEDIS: Health Care Effectiveness Data and Information Set (target is <8% if age ≥65 years or known history of ischemic vascular disease, heart failure, advanced kidney disease [estimated glomerular filtration rate of <30 mL/min/1.73 m2], dementia, proliferative retinopathy or blindness, advanced neuropathy [history of ulcer or amputation], or history of severe hypoglycemia; otherwise, goal is <7%).
iEstimate (95% CI). From separate logistic regression models fitted to data at each time point, odds ratios adjusted for baseline HbA1c but not for confounders, owing to small cell counts.
jOR: odds ratio.
kAdjusted for marital status, insurance, and bolus insulin use at admission.