Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population a
| Variables | Handwashing | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Yes | No | P-value | ||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Total (N = 1,034,422) | 1,034,422 | 100.0 | 462,123 | 44.7 | 572,299 | 55.3 | |
| Year | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| 2013 | 187,837 | 18.2 | 68,670 | 36.6 | 119,167 | 63.4 | |
| 2015 | 225,086 | 21.8 | 88,855 | 39.5 | 136,231 | 60.5 | |
| 2017 | 225,174 | 21.8 | 90,324 | 40.1 | 134,850 | 59.9 | |
| 2019 | 173,705 | 16.8 | 69,712 | 40.1 | 103,993 | 59.9 | |
| 2020 | 222,620 | 21.5 | 144,562 | 64.9 | 78,058 | 35.1 | |
| Sex | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Men | 480,923 | 46.5 | 182,960 | 38.0 | 297,963 | 62.0 | |
| Women | 553,499 | 53.5 | 279,163 | 50.4 | 274,336 | 49.6 | |
| Age (mean: 55.0, SD: 16.9) | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| 19–29 | 92,868 | 9.0 | 48,713 | 52.5 | 44,155 | 47.5 | |
| 30–39 | 133,009 | 12.9 | 75,886 | 57.1 | 57,123 | 42.9 | |
| 40–49 | 183,532 | 17.7 | 92,431 | 50.4 | 91,101 | 49.6 | |
| 50–59 | 211,160 | 20.4 | 96,030 | 45.5 | 115,130 | 54.5 | |
| 60–69 | 189,775 | 18.3 | 80,490 | 42.4 | 109,285 | 57.6 | |
| 70- | 224,078 | 21.7 | 68,573 | 30.6 | 155,505 | 69.4 | |
| Marital status | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Living with spouse | 712,644 | 68.9 | 325,059 | 45.6 | 387,585 | 54.4 | |
| Living without spouse | 321,778 | 31.1 | 137,064 | 42.6 | 184,714 | 57.4 | |
| Region | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Urban area | 298,002 | 28.8 | 155,510 | 52.2 | 142,492 | 47.8 | |
| Rural area | 736,420 | 71.2 | 306,613 | 41.6 | 492,807 | 58.4 | |
| Household income | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| High | 300,755 | 29.1 | 156,908 | 52.2 | 143,847 | 47.8 | |
| Mid | 336,671 | 32.5 | 159,020 | 47.2 | 177,651 | 52.8 | |
| Low | 396,996 | 38.4 | 146,195 | 36.8 | 250,801 | 63.2 | |
| Occupational categories b | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| White collar | 202,879 | 19.6 | 114,900 | 56.6 | 87,979 | 43.4 | |
| Pink collar | 138,382 | 13.4 | 71,784 | 51.9 | 66,598 | 48.1 | |
| Blue collar | 336,648 | 32.5 | 120,545 | 35.8 | 216,103 | 64.2 | |
| Inoccupation | 356,513 | 34.5 | 154,894 | 43.4 | 201,619 | 56.6 | |
| Educational level | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Middle school or less | 375,346 | 36.3 | 122,086 | 32.5 | 253,260 | 67.5 | |
| High school | 300,958 | 29.1 | 139,165 | 46.2 | 161,793 | 53.8 | |
| College or over | 358,118 | 34.6 | 200,872 | 56.1 | 157,246 | 43.9 | |
| Perceived stress | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Much | 246,677 | 23.8 | 112,589 | 45.6 | 134,088 | 54.4 | |
| Less | 787,745 | 76.2 | 349,534 | 44.4 | 438,211 | 55.6 | |
| Current drinking | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 670,820 | 64.8 | 304,360 | 45.4 | 366,460 | 54.6 | |
| No | 363,602 | 35.2 | 157,763 | 43.4 | 205,839 | 56.6 | |
| Current smoking | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 187,325 | 18.1 | 69,082 | 36.9 | 118,243 | 63.1 | |
| No | 847,046 | 81.9 | 393,011 | 46.4 | 454,035 | 53.6 | |
| Unmet medical need | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| No | 936,265 | 90.5 | 425,249 | 45.4 | 511,016 | 54.6 | |
| Yes | 98,157 | 9.5 | 36,874 | 37.6 | 61,283 | 62.4 | |
| Influenza vaccination | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 541,140 | 52.3 | 237,704 | 43.9 | 303,436 | 56.1 | |
| No | 493,282 | 47.7 | 224,419 | 45.5 | 268,863 | 54.5 | |
| Self-perceived health status | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Bad | 204,780 | 19.8 | 63,679 | 31.1 | 141,101 | 68.9 | |
| Normal | 429,471 | 41.5 | 189,882 | 44.2 | 239,589 | 55.8 | |
| Good | 400,171 | 38.7 | 208,562 | 52.1 | 191,609 | 47.9 | |
a Table 1 shows the results of univariate analyses that examined between years with the incidence of communicable diseases focused on COVID-19 pandemic and washing hands. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant
b Three groups (white, pink, and blue) based on the international standard classification occupations codes