Table 3. Biomimetic Hydrogel Scaffolds Reproduced via Decelluarized ECM, Synthetic or Natural Polymers to Replicate Tissue Microenvironments. The Table Describes the Synthesis of Hydrogels Using Different Chemical Approachesa.
| polymer | preparation method | pore size [μm], scaffold thickness [μm] | biofunctional component | cell line | tissue model | application | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gelatin14%\HA tyramine 1% w/v | spin coating | -, 15.5 μm | KGF, FGF | Calu-3, A549, human MSC | respiratory epithelium | ECM mimic for MSC-derived epithelial patches | (251) |
| chitosan\dextran | Michael addition reaction | 5–20 μm, - | FGF | NIH3T3 | - | ECM mimics for wound healing | (252) |
| PEG-8SH\TEDVE | thioester exchange | -, - | GRGDS | human MSC | - | ECM mimics for MSC | (253) |
| GelMA | photoinitiated polymerization | -, 1000–2000 μm | - | human articular chondrocytes, human ECFC, human MSC, human OV-MZ-6 | cancer models | 3D ECM mimics | (254) |
| PEG diacrylate | - | -, 150 μm | collagen IV | human RPTEC, NHLF | acute kidney injury model | ECM mimics for renal epithelial cells | (255) |
| BPAA\diphenylalanine | π–π stacking | -, - | - | L929 | - | ECM mimic | (256) |
| PNIPAM | radical polymerization | -, - | - | 3T3-L1, HEK293, A549 | - | ECM mimic | (257) |
| collagen\alginate\fibrin | hydrogen bond formation | 40–120 μm, - | - | L929, MIN6, Y201 hMSC | musculoskeletal, pancreatic models | ECM mimic for soft tissues | (258) |
| collagen\laminin\HA | hydrogen bond formation | -, - | - | ratNPC | spinal cord injury | ECM mimic for neural tissue engineering | (259) |
| pLysAAm\HA | photopolymerization | 150 μm, - | - | MCF-7 | breast tumor | mimic breast tumor microenvironment | (260) |
| tetrazine and norbornene modified gelatin | biorthogonal cross-linking | -, - | - | hDPSC | 3D hydrogels | compartmentalized cocultures | (238) |
| PEG | EDC/NHS | -, 500 μm | collagen peptide, RGD | rat neuron, rat astrocytes | cerebellar cell cultures | functional organoids | (227) |
| gelatin, alginate | Michael addition reaction, ionic reaction | 400 μm, - | - | hMSC | - | adipose tissue engineering | (261) |
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hyaluronic acid (HA), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC),eight arm-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-8SH),thioester di(vinyl ether) (TEDVE), gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), 4-biphenylacetic acid (BPAA), poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM), collagen alginate and fibrin (CAF), poly-N-acryloyl l-lysine (pLysAAm), human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (Calu-3), human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A549), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC), ovarian cancer cell (OV-MZ-6), renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC), normal human lung fibroblast (NHLF), mouse fibroblasts (L929), mouse preadipocyte cells (3T3-L1), human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), mouse pancreatic β cells (MIN-6), human TERT mesenchymal stem cells (Y201 hMSC), neural progenitor cells (NPC), human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC).