Table 4. Biomimetic Scaffolds Reproduced via Electrospinning Using Natural, Synthetic Polymers, or a Combination of Both in Various Fields of Tissue Engineering to Obtain Close Representatives of the BM. The Table Describes Various Electrospun Mimics with Their Characteristic Parameters and Morphological Properties along with Biofunctional Componentsa.
| spinning properties | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| polymer | solvent | flow rate [mL/h], collecting distance [cm], voltage [kV] | fiber diameter [nm], porosity [%], scaffold thickness [μm] | biofunctional component | cell line | tissue model | application | ref |
| laminin I | HFIP | 1.5 mL/h, 12.5 cm, 20 kV | 142 nm, -, - | - | hASC | - | BM mimic for neural tissue engineering | (298) |
| PCL | HFIP | 0.5 mL/h, 15 cm, 18 kV | 400 nm, -, - | porcine dKECM | HK-2 | - | renal filtration barrier | (282) |
| PET | TFA | 1 mL/h, 15 cm, 15 kV | 200–600 nm, 83%, 35 μm | gelatin | hEC | vascular graft | blood vessel tissue engineering | (299) |
| PCL\SF | HFIP | 0.2–1.5 mL/h, 8.5 cm, 20 kV | 146 nm, -, - | porcine BM extracts | primary epithelial cell | - | esophageal tissue engineering | (300) |
| PLGA | acetone | 0.5 mL/h, 16 cm, 13 kV | 300 nm, -, 20 μm | peptides derived from fibronectin, laminin, collagen IV | HF, HaCaT, | skin model | BM mimics for long-term cell coculture. | (301) |
| SF\PEO | water | 1.2 mL/h, 14 cm, 12 kV | 267 nm, 54%, - | laminin | ratSC | - | peripheral nerve tissue engineering | (302) |
| PCL | MC:DMF (80:20) | 1 mL/h, 12 cm, 13 kV | 135–1095 nm, -, - | Matrigel | C17.2 | - | nerve tissue engineering | (303) |
| PLLA | CF:DMF (4:1 v/v) | 0.2 mL/h, 18 cm, 22 kV | 1380 nm, 52%, 100 μm | ASA, AM lysate | HUVEC | - | endothelial BM | (304) |
| PLGA | HFIP | 0.36 mL/h, 15 cm, 14 kV | 308 nm, -, - | elastin | SIMS | - | salivary gland BM | (305) |
| 4%PEG, 96%PCL | TFE | 1 mL/h, 10 cm, 10 kV | 500 nm, -, 6 μm | collagen I | TIME, human astrocyte, human pericyte | - | blood brain barrier | (306) |
| PCL | HFIP | 0.35 mL/h, 15 cm, 21 kV | 260 nm-350 nm,-,2 μm | collagen I, fibronectin, laminin | HPMEC, NCI-H441 | - | alveolar-capillary barrier | (33) |
| PCL | HFIP | 0.5 mL/h, 15 cm, 20 kV | 300 nm, -, 10 μm | peptides derived from fibronectin | HUVEC, HPMEC, NCI-H441, HPAEC | - | alveolar-capillary barrier | (41) |
| PCL | HFIP | 1.2 mL/h, 12 cm, 18.5 kV | 220–340 nm, -, - | ureido pyrimidinone peptide functionalized | HK-2 | - | kidney glomerular filtration barrier | (40) |
| gelatin-polyaniline and gelatin 4-arm PEG | acetic acid water, NMP | 1.5 mL/h, 9 cm, 23 kV | 154 nm, -, 4000 μm | - | hRPE | retinal Bruchs membrane | age-related macular degeneration | (287) |
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaflouro-2-propanol (HFIP), decellularized kidney extracellular matrix (dKECM), poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), acetlysalicylic acid (ASA), amniotic membrane (AM),poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), poly ethyleneglycol (PEG), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), human adipose stem cells (hASC), human kidney cell line (HK-2), human coronary artery endothelial cells (hEC), human dermal fibroblast (HF), human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), SC (Schwann cells), neonatal mouse cerebellum stem cells (C17.2), human umbilicial vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), mouse ductal submandibular epithelial cells (SIMS), telomerase immortalized microvascular endothelial cells (TIME), human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC), human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell lines (NCI-H441, human primary pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEC), human kidney cell lines (HK-2), human retinal pigmented epithelium (hRPE).