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. 2022 Jul 27;13:826597. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826597

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Wang, Zhuang, Yang, Jiang and Liu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Possible mechanisms underlying the increased secretion of IgA induced by anthocyanins. IgA-producing plasma cells (IgA⁺ B220⁻) (A), IgA-producing B cells (IgA⁺ B220⁺) (B) and IgA⁺ B220⁻ cells to IgA⁺ B220⁺ cells ratio (C) in the MLNs. Percentage of IgA⁺ cells in small intestine (D) and in colon (E). For (A–E), samples were collected after oral administration of bilberry anthocyanins for two weeks. Concentration of BAFF (F), TGF-β1 (G) and MMP-2 (H) in small intestine were analyzed after 4-day or 10-day anthocyanin intake. Data are means ± SEM. * denotes p < 0.05, ** denotes p < 0.01 (Student’s t-test). p > 0.05 was considered to be not Statistically Significant (ns).