Fig. 1.

SARS-CoV-2 adaptive response. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces different arms of the adaptive immune response. B cells produce antibodies (Abs) able to prevent infection (neutralizing) or limit spreading (non-neutralizing). CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells recognize infected cells and limit viral spreading by producing cytokines and cytotoxic molecules to kill the infected cells and by helping coordinate the different arms of the immune system.