Abstract
The mitogenome of Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius, 1794), decoded using next-generation sequencing, is the first report of Liorhyssus. The mitogenomic size was 16,355 bp with 41.99% A, 33.44% T, 14.53% C, and 10.05% G (OM328158). The phylogenetic tree, constructed with the amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes, showed that L. hyalinus clustered together with other species in Rhopalidae, which supported the monophyly of each family in Pentatomomorpha.
Keywords: Mitogenome, hyaline grass bug, scentless plant bug
Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius, 1794), with 20 synonymic names, is distributed across all continents except the coldest parts in the north and south (Hradil et al. 2007). It is found at elevations from 360 m below sea level to 3660 m, and causes serious damage to many low-growing crop plants, especially those in the family Asteraceae, by feeding primarily on the reproductive parts of plants, including buds, flowers, seeds, and fruits. Owing to their strong plasticity in size and coloration, identifying them based on their morphological characteristics is difficult (Hradil et al. 2007). The mitogenome of L. hyalinus was decoded to overcome this challenge.
Specimens of L. hyalinus were collected from the campus of Guizhou Normal University (26°23′11″N, 106°37′45″E) in July 2021. The specimens were deposited at the Museum of Guizhou Normal University (https://sjxy.gznu.edu.cn/info/1771/4547.htm, Qianquan Chen, qqchen@gznu.edu.cn) under voucher number GZNU-cqq-132. Total DNA was isolated from the muscle tissue of an adult specimen (Chen et al. 2020). The mitogenome was sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq X Ten System at Sangon Biotechnology Company (Shanghai, China). The mitogenome was assembled using SOAPdenovo2 (version 2.04) (Luo et al. 2012). Protein-coding genes (PCGs) were identified by BLAST comparison with the Chorosoma macilentum mitogenome (MN412594) (Zhao et al. 2021). The transfer RNAs (tRNAs) were identified with MITOS2 (Bernt et al. 2013), and ribosomal RNAs and non-coding control regions were determined by the boundary of tRNAs. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the amino acid sequences of 13 PCGs belonging to the infraorder Pentatomomorpha, using the MrBayes method with partition models in PhyloSuite (Zhang et al. 2020). Himacerus nodipes (JF927832; Hemiptera: Nabidae) was selected as an outgroup representative.
The mitogenomic size of L. hyalinus (OM328158) was 16,355 bp. Liorhyssus hyalinus shared a gene distribution pattern similar to that of C. macilentum (MN412594). A total of 33 bp intergenic spacers were distributed across eight locations. The shortest intergenic spacer was 1 bp, whereas the longest was 19 bp. A total of 27 bp overlaps were distributed across six locations. The shortest overlap was 1 bp and the longest overlap was 8 bp. The non-coding control region was 1781 bp in length. The initiation codon for most PCGs was ATN, except for cox1 (TTG). Seven genes used either T or TA as incomplete stop codons.
The phylogenetic tree showed that L. hyalinus clustered together with other species in Rhopalidae and grouped sibling species with Stictopleurus subviridis. The tree supported the monophyly of each family of Pentatomomorpha. The mitogenomic information on L. hyalinus can shed light on its identification and geographic origin (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Pentatomomorpha species. The posterior probabilities are labeled at each node. The GenBank accession numbers of sequences are listed after the species name.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by the Guizhou Normal University under Grant [11904/0517070] and Grant [Qianshixinmiao[2021]A11].
Ethical approval
Liorhyssus hyalinus is a common pest on crop plants in China as well as not recorded in the species list-of-ethics committees for research involving animals of the Guizhou Normal University. Therefore, no ethical approval or other relevant permission can be provided for the study.
Author contributions
Qin Chen analyzed the data; Xiaoke Tian and Yongqin Li collected and identified the specimens; Qianquan Chen conceived, designed, wrote the paper, and finally approved the version to be published. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The genome sequence data that support the findings of this study are openly available in GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) under accession no. OM328158. The associated BioProject, BioSample, and SRA numbers are PRJNA799448, SAMN25166436, and SRR17709601, respectively.
References
- Bernt M, Donath A, Jühling F, Externbrink F, Florentz C, Fritzsch G, Pütz J, Middendorf M, Stadler PF.. 2013. MITOS: improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 69(2):313–319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen Q, Niu X, Fang Z, Weng Q.. 2020. The complete mitochondrial genome of Eysarcoris guttigerus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour. 5(1):687–688. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hradil K, Kment P, Roha’cova M.. 2007. New records of Liorhyssus hyalinus (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) in the Czech Republic, with a review of its worldwide distribution and biology. Acta Musei Moraviae Sci Biolo. 92:53–107. [Google Scholar]
- Luo R, Liu B, Xie Y, Li Z, Huang W, Yuan J, He G, Chen Y, Pan Q, Liu Y, et al. 2012. SOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler. Gigascience. 1(1):18. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhang D, Gao F, Jakovlić I, Zou H, Zhang J, Li WX, Wang GT.. 2020. PhyloSuite: an integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. Mol Ecol Resour. 20(1):348–355. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhao W, Liu D, Jia Q, Wu X, Zhang H.. 2021. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Myrmuslateralis (Heteroptera, Rhopalidae) and its implication for phylogenetic analyses. ZooKeys. 1070:13–30. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The genome sequence data that support the findings of this study are openly available in GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) under accession no. OM328158. The associated BioProject, BioSample, and SRA numbers are PRJNA799448, SAMN25166436, and SRR17709601, respectively.