Table 4.
Multivariable analysis exploring associations between food insecurity, financial wellbeing sociodemographic and economic characteristics of study participants with their quality of life parameters [SF-12 components (PCS-SF12 and MCS-SF12)].
| PCS-SF12 total scale | MCS-SF12 total scale | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UB (95% CI) | SB | p-value | UB (95% CI) | SB | p-value | |
| Model 1 † | ||||||
| Gender | −0.28 (−2.14; 1.56) | −0.01 | 0.759 | −1.25 (−3.79; 1.28) | −0.05 | 0.332 |
| Age | −0.06 (−0.13; 0.01) | −0.10 | 0.076 | 0.03 (−0.06; 0.13) | 0.04 | 0.481 |
| Household crowding index | −2.07 (−3.77;−0.37) | −0.14 | 0.017 | −0.42 (−2.75; 1.90) | −0.02 | 0.721 |
| Education level (secondary vs. primary*) | −9.76 (−17.23;−2.28) | −0.28 | 0.011 | 5.89 (−4.32; 16.11) | 0.12 | 0.258 |
| Education level (university vs. primary*) | −5.49 (−12.15; 1.16) | −0.18 | 0.106 | 1.01 (−8.09; 10.12) | 0.02 | 0.826 |
| Financial status (Average vs. poor*) | 1.20 (−0.81; 3.21) | 0.07 | 0.242 | 2.80 (0.05; 5.56) | 0.12 | 0.046 |
| Financial status (Rich vs. poor*) | −1.01 (−7.17; 5.14) | −0.02 | 0.745 | 9.34 (0.91; 17.76) | 0.12 | 0.030 |
| Fear of poverty | −0.04 (−0.32; 0.23) | −0.02 | 0.753 | −0.72 (−1.09;−0.33) | −0.22 | <0.001 |
| Monthly income (low vs. no income*) | −0.02 (−3.17; 3.13) | −0.01 | 0.989 | −2.64 (−6.96; 1.67) | −0.09 | 0.229 |
| Monthly income (intermediate vs. no income*) | 2.54 (−0.30; 5.38) | 0.16 | 0.080 | −3.51 (−7.40; 0.37) | −0.16 | 0.076 |
| Monthly income (high vs. no income*) | 2.33 (−0.18; 4.84) | 0.17 | 0.069 | −2.09 (−5.53; 1.34) | −0.11 | 0.231 |
| Model 2 † | ||||||
| Food insecurity vs. food security* | −1.48 (−3.10; 0.13) | −0.10 | 0.072 | −1.46 (−3.68; 0.75) | −0.07 | 0.195 |
| Gender | −0.31 (−2.16; 1.53) | −0.02 | 0.738 | −1.27 (−3.81; 1.25) | −0.05 | 0.322 |
| Age | −0.06 (−0.13; 0.01) | −0.10 | 0.092 | 0.04 (−0.06; 0.14) | 0.05 | 0.440 |
| Household crowding index | −1.99 (−3.68;−0.29) | −0.13 | 0.022 | −0.34 (−2.67; 1.98) | −0.02 | 0.771 |
| Education level (secondary vs. primary*) | −9.78 (−17.23;−2.34) | −0.28 | 0.010 | 5.86 (−4.34; 16.06) | 0.12 | 0.259 |
| Education level (university vs. primary*) | −5.65 (−12.29; 0.97) | −0.19 | 0.094 | 0.85 (−8.25; 9.95) | 0.02 | 0.854 |
| Financial status (Average vs. poor*) | 0.97 (−1.05; 2.99) | 0.06 | 0.346 | 2.57 (−0.19; 5.35) | 0.11 | 0.069 |
| Financial status (Rich vs. poor*) | −1.54 (−7.70; 4.62) | −0.03 | 0.622 | 8.82 (0.37; 17.27) | 0.12 | 0.041 |
| Fear of poverty | 0.01 (−0.27; 0.29) | 0.01 | 0.928 | −0.66 (−1.05;−0.27) | −0.20 | 0.001 |
| Monthly income (low vs. no income*) | 0.19 (−2.96; 3.34) | 0.01 | 0.905 | −2.43 (−6.76; 1.89) | −0.09 | 0.269 |
| Monthly income (intermediate vs. no income*) | 2.67 (−0.16; 5.51) | 0.17 | 0.064 | −3.38 (−7.27; 0.50) | −0.15 | 0.088 |
| Monthly income (high vs. no income*) | 2.38 (−0.11; 4.89) | 0.18 | 0.062 | −2.04 (−5.47; 1.39) | −0.11 | 0.243 |
| Model 3 † | ||||||
| Gender | 0.05 (−1.94; 2.05) | 0.003 | 0.958 | −2.79 (−5.37;−0.22) | −0.12 | 0.034 |
| Age | −0.06 (−0.13; 0.02) | −0.10 | 0.120 | 0.10 (0.01; 0.20) | 0.13 | 0.028 |
| Household crowding index | −1.80 (−3.53;−0.07) | −0.12 | 0.041 | −0.26 (−2.49; 1.97) | −0.01 | 0.819 |
| Education level (secondary vs. primary*) | −9.88 (−17.37;−2.38) | −0.28 | 0.010 | 5.03 (−4.62; 14.69) | 0.11 | 0.306 |
| Education level (university vs. primary*) | −5.79 (−12.47; 0.88) | −0.19 | 0.089 | 1.05 (−7.56; 9.66) | 0.02 | 0.810 |
| Financial status (Average vs. poor*) | 1.14 (−0.92; 3.22) | 0.07 | 0.277 | 0.90 (−1.76; 3.57) | 0.04 | 0.506 |
| Financial status (Rich vs. poor*) | −1.30 (−7.61; 5.00) | −0.02 | 0.685 | 6.51 (−1.62; 14.64) | 0.09 | 0.116 |
| Fear of poverty | −0.05 (−0.40; 0.29) | −0.02 | 0.777 | 0.05 (−0.39; 0.50) | 0.02 | 0.798 |
| Monthly income (low vs. no income*) | 0.07 (−3.12; 3.28) | 0.004 | 0.961 | −0.65 (−4.79; 3.47) | −0.02 | 0.754 |
| Monthly income (intermediate vs. no income*) | 2.50 (−0.36; 5.38) | 0.16 | 0.087 | −2.36 (−6.07; 1.34) | −0.11 | 0.210 |
| Monthly income (high vs. no income*) | 2.25 (−0.26; 4.77) | 0.17 | 0.080 | −1.72 (−4.97; 1.53) | −0.09 | 0.299 |
| Food insecurity vs. food security* | −1.52 (−3.22; 0.17) | −0.11 | 0.078 | 0.21 (−1.97; 2.39) | 0.01 | 0.851 |
| Financial wellbeing scale (IFDFW) | −0.15 (−0.68; 0.37) | −0.05 | 0.574 | 1.63 (0.94; 2.31) | 0.36 | <0.001 |
| Fear of COVID-19 | −0.03 (−0.16; 0.09) | −0.03 | 0.603 | −0.21 (−0.37;−0.04) | −0.14 | 0.012 |
| Alcohol consumption | −0.86 (−2.33; 0.60) | −0.07 | 0.247 | 0.75 (−1.14; 2.64) | 0.04 | 0.435 |
| Smoking status (smoker vs. non-smoker*) | −0.29 (−1.70; 1.11) | −0.03 | 0.682 | 2.82 (1.00; 4.64) | 0.18 | 0.002 |
Variables entered in model 1: Gender, age, household crowding index, education level, financial status, fear of poverty, monthly income and household crowding index. Variables entered in model 2: Gender, age, household crowding index, education level, financial status, fear of poverty, monthly income and household crowding index and food insecurity. Variables entered in model 3: Gender, age, household crowding index, education level, financial status, fear of poverty, monthly income, household crowding index, food insecurity, financial wellbeing, fear of COVID-19, alcohol consumption and smoking status.
Model 1 explores the relationship between sociodemographic variables and quality of life (QOL) parameters (PCS-SF12 and MCS-SF12).
Model 2 explores the relationship between food security variable with QOL parameters, adjusting for sociodemographic variables, including Gender, age, household crowding index, education level, financial status, fear of poverty, monthly income and household crowding index.
Model 3 explores the relationship between food security, lifestyle variables and financial wellbeing with QOL parameters adjusting for sociodemographic variables (Gender, age, household crowding index, education level, financial status, fear of poverty, monthly income and household crowding index) and fear of COVID-19. UB, Unstandardized adjusted regression coefficients; SB, Standardized adjusted regression coefficients. All results in the models were presented as adjusted beta-coefficients with 95%CI.
Reference group.