TABLE 3.

Sensitivity Analysis Using Multiple Imputation for Missing Data

Covariate	Adjusted Beta-Coefficient (95% CI)
Male sex	[ref]
Female sex	1.22 (−3.96, 6.41)
Age (for each 5-year increase in age)	0.335 (−0.82, 1.49)
Non-Caucasian ethnicity	−0.71 (−5.88, 4.46)
Married	−1.39 (−2.89, 0.12)
Living with children	−1.53 (−6.66, 3.61)
Receiving social assistance Type of treatment	−1.01 (−5.87, 3.87)
Methadone	[ref]
Buprenorphine-Naloxone	−1.56 (−7.80, 4.68)
Years in treatment (for each 1-year increase in length of time in treatment)	0.53 (0.01, 1.06)
Opioid overdose requiring ED visit in the last year before study entry	0.87 (−7.77, 9.52)
Non-abstinence from opioids pre-COVID-19	8.74 (2.88, 14.60)
Total number of UDSs during COVID-19 pandemic	0.04 (−0.50, 0.58)
Alcohol use*	1.80 (−3.41, 7.00)
Cannabis use*	0.48 (−3.84, 4.80)
Non-prescription Benzodiazepine use*	0.06 (−8.56, 8.69)
Cocaine use*	7.08 (1.82, 12.34)
Amphetamine use*	13.20 (6.03, 20.37)
Intravenous drug use*	−5.04 (−12.59, 2.51)

*Self-reported use in the last month at the time of study entry assessed using the Maudsley Addiction Profile questionnaire.

CI indicates confidence interval; ED, emergency department; UDS, urine drug screen.